JIM CROW LAW的文章

zhang200824

看了机经， 听说这个东西很难， 找了下， 也积攒下人品。 

After the American Civil War most states in the South passed anti-African American legislation. These became known as Jim Crow laws. This included laws that discriminated against African Americans with concern to attendance in public schools and the use of facilities such as restaurants, theaters, hotels, cinemas and public baths. Trains and buses were also segregated and in many states marriage between whites and African American people.

    With the demise of the institution of slavery, it was the hope of many that blacks would quickly rise in their citizen status. However, there were several problems with this hope. The first was the bitterness the South felt about the Civil War, the Emancipation Proclamation, the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, and the Radical Republicans. The second was basic prejudice. For centuries, most blacks had been relegated to a sub-human status, and that feeling, even among many Northerners, was not going to go away with slavery. Once the Southern states regained control of their own governments again, following Reconstruction, the Black Codes were quickly enacted.

    The 14th and 15th Amendments were actually national reactions to Black Codes enacted in the South just after the Civil War. Legally, constitutionally, blacks were equal. Many of the Black Code provisions were illegal under the new amendments, and black voters, and even legislators, gained power in the immediate aftermath. But to counter the freedoms gained, eventually new Black Codes were enacted, most of which aimed to deny blacks the vote by means that did not rely on race on their face, but which relied on race at their root. Organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan also rose, intimidating black voters from exercising their new suffrage rights. Poll taxes, literacy tests, and other tactics, both legal and extra-legal, were used to deny blacks the vote. With no voice in the government, the rate of black voters, and any sign of black legislators, quickly disappeared.

    Following the Plessy v Ferguson decision in 1896, where the Supreme Court ruled that while blacks had equal right under the law, but that separation of the races was legal as long as facilities were equal, throughout the South, and elsewhere, more laws were enacted to keep blacks on one side and whites on the other. These laws, known as Jim Crow laws, affected every aspect of the lives of blacks.

    The term "Jim Crow" comes from popular minstrel shows around the time of the Civil War. The Jim Crow character was a stereotypical black man. The term was picked up to describe laws which segregated whites and blacks in everyday personal life, and to describe laws aimed at denying blacks the vote. By 1910, each state that had been a part of the Confederacy had a complex and complete system of Jim Crow laws in place. This legal separation continued to be buttressed by extra-legal acts, such as widespread lynchings and other terrorist acts committed upon any one who spoke out, or, often, on random blacks for the sake of pure terror.

    The unfairness of the "separate but equal" doctrine seems obvious to us today, and the effects of the Plessy case on the lives of ordinary blacks seems to be very direct and incontrovertible. But it took 60 years before the courts were ready to part with the Plessy case. In that time, numerous people were killed, millions were denied the right to vote, some blacks being born and dying without even having voted, and segregation dug its claws ever deeper into American society.

    For example, a 1958 Alabama law stated that "It shall be unlawful for white and colored persons to play together ... in any game of cards, dice, dominoes, checkers, pool, billiards, softball, basketball, football, golf, track, and at swimming pools or in any athletic conference." Prejudice extended past the law into the jury box, too. According to the Jim Crow Guide, "three white youths who confessed to a Christmas Eve rape of a 17-year-old Negro girl at Decatur, Georgia, were nevertheless acquitted by the DeKalb County jury."

    In the end, as prejudices were seen to be as arbitrary as they are, the tide began to turn, especially in higher legal circles. In the North, organizations like the NAACP were formed to better the lives of blacks, and in doing so, they brought more and more legal challenges to segregation. When black soldiers returned from Europe after World War One, they were shocked to return to segregation, which did not exist across the Atlantic. These men were the first large group to agitate against segregation. In World War Two, threats of unrest in the military industry and within the ranks forced President Roosevelt to equalize, though not desegregate, jobs and ranks. Blacks were enticed away from the South by the promise of jobs in the Mid-West and Northeast, where they enjoyed much more freedom.

    Eventually, the federal courts, the Supreme Court in particular, began to see cases of segregation and discrimination as counter to the 14th Amendment and one by one, entire categories of Jim Crow laws began to fall. White opposition in the South to many of the rulings, such as those integrating schools and universities, was strong and militant. In several cases, U.S. Marshals or National Guardsmen had to be called out to protect pioneering black students.

    Finally, the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act were passed, in 1964 and 1965 respectively, ending legalized segregation and disenfranchisement. Jim Crow was dead, at least in the law. The last vestiges of legalized slavery were removed from the American legal system, for good. Jim Crow does live on, however, in the continuing, but seemingly dwindling, personal prejudice. America will not be able to say that the legacy of slavery has truly been eradicated until race is as irrelevant as eye color. In this, we still have work to do.

zhang200824

翻译版 ：用了翻译器， 估计不能完全准确， 仅供参考

之后，美国内战多数国家在南方通过的反非裔美国人的立法。这被称为种族隔离法律。这包括，对关切地出席在公立学校的设施，如餐厅，剧院，酒店，电影院和公共浴池使用歧视非裔美国人的法律。
火车和公共汽车也分开，并在许多国家之间的白人和非裔美洲人的婚姻。

随着奴隶制度的消亡，这是许多黑人会迅速上升，他们的公民身份的希望。然而，与此有几个问题的希望。首先是痛苦的感受南方在南北战争，解放宣言，十三，十四，十五届修订，以及激进的共和党人。第二个是基本的偏见。
几个世纪以来，大多数黑人已退居到非人类状态，和这种感觉，甚至在许多北方人，是不会去的奴役了。一旦南方各州恢复自己的政府控制后再次重建，黑守则很快颁布。

第14和15修正案实际上是国家对黑人的反应守则，南方颁布刚刚结束内战。从法律上讲，宪法，黑人都是平等的。黑守则规定的，许多是非法的，根据新的修订，与黑人选民，甚至立法者中取得的直接后果权力。但要取得反自由，
新黑守则最终颁布了，其中大部分是黑人旨在否认通过意味着，没有种族依靠他们面对的表决，但比赛依赖于从根本上。组织，如三K党也上升，恐吓行使他们的新黑人选民的选举权。人头税，文化水平测试，和其他手段，法律和外
法律，被用来剥夺黑人的投票。由于没有在政府的声音，黑人的投票率，以及任何黑人议员的迹象，很快消失了。

继普莱西v弗格森在1896年决定，在最高法院裁定，虽然黑人在法律面前的平等权利，而是由种族分离，只要设施都是平等的法律，在整个南方，和其他地方，颁布了更多的法律不断一边，白人对其他的黑人。这些法律，如著名吉姆克劳法，
受影响的每一个黑人生活的方方面面。

术语“吉姆克劳”来自周围的内战当时流行的吟游诗人节目。在吉姆克劳的性质是刻板黑人。这个词是用来描述拿起法律隔离黑人和白人在日常生活中的个人生活，并否认黑人形容表决的法律。到1910年，
每个一直是南部邦联部分国家已制订了吉姆克劳复杂和完整的法律体系。这合法分居继续受到法律外的行为，如广泛的私刑，并呼吁任何人说出了谁，或者经常随机黑人，纯为恐怖而犯下的其他恐怖行为，支撑。

在“隔离但平等”原则似乎是明显的不公平今天，以及对普通黑人的生活普莱西案的影响似乎非常直接和不容置疑的。但是，60年来发生在法院准备与普莱西案的一部分。在那个时候，许多人丧生，数百万人被剥夺了投票权，
一些黑人出生和死亡时甚至不必投票，它的爪子挖隔离融入美国社会的不断深入。

例如，1958年阿拉巴马州的法律说，“它应是非法的白人和有色人一起玩任何纸牌，骰子，多米诺骨牌，跳棋，游泳池，台球，垒球，篮球，足球，高尔夫球，田径比赛... ，并在泳池或在任何体育联合会。“偏见延伸过去，法入陪审团框也。据吉姆克劳指南，
“三谁承认平安夜强奸一名17岁的黑人女孩在迪凯特白人青年，格鲁吉亚，但被无罪释放的迪卡尔布县陪审团。”

最后，由于偏见视为任意，因为它们的潮流开始好转，特别是在更高的法律界。在北方，如全国有色人种协进组织成立了更好的黑人的生活，这样做，他们把越来越多的法律挑战隔离。当黑人士兵从欧洲回来后，一战，
他们震惊地返回隔离，不存在跨大西洋。这些人是第一个大集团的煽动反对种族隔离。在二次世界大战以后，动乱的威胁，在军事界和在队伍被迫罗斯福总统平衡，虽然没有实行种族隔离政策，工作和队伍建设。黑人被诱远离南方的公关
omise在工作中，西部和东北地区，在那里他们享有更多的自由。

最终，联邦法院，特别是最高法院，开始看到一个隔离和违反第十四修订歧视和1例，吉姆克劳整类法律开始下跌。白反对派在南方许多裁决，如结合学校和大学的，是强大而好战。在一些情况下，美国
元帅或国民卫队不得不出动保护黑人学生创业。

最后，民权法和选举权法案获得通过，在1964年和1965年分别合法化结束隔离和选举权。吉姆克劳死了，至少在法律。合法奴隶制的最后遗迹是从美国的法律系统中删除，为好。吉姆克劳不活下去，但是，在持续，但似乎越来越少，个人偏见。
美国将不能够说，奴隶制遗留问题确实已到比赛一样，眼睛的颜色无关根除。在这方面，我们还有很多工作要做。

dengyunji

非常感谢！

starry1007

谢谢lz！

elvirarara

WIKI上面也有呢！感谢

onedayling

 谢谢！