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GWD7-Q34 to Q36: Firms traditionally claim that they downsize (i.e., make permanent personnel cuts) for economic reasons, Line laying off supposedly unnecessary staff (5) in an attempt to become more efficient and competitive. Organization theory would explain this reasoning as an example of the “economic rationality” that it assumes underlies all organi- (10) zational activities. There is evidence that firms believe they are behaving rationally whenever they downsize; yet recent research has shown that the actual economic effects of downsizing (15) are often negative for firms. Thus, organization theory cannot adequately explain downsizing; non-economic factors must also be considered. One such factor is the evolution of (20) downsizing into a powerful business myth: managers simply believe that downsizing is efficacious. Moreover, downsizing nowadays is greeted favorably by the business press; the (25) press often refers to soaring stock prices of downsizing firms (even though research shows that stocks usually rise only briefly after downsizing and then suffer a prolonged decline). (30) Once viewed as a sign of desperation, downsizing is now viewed as a signal that firms are serious about competing in the global marketplace; such signals are received positively by key actors— (35)
financial analysts, consultants, shareholders—who supply firms with vital organizing resources. Thus, even if downsizers do not become economi- cally more efficient, downsizing’s mythic (40) properties give them added prestige in the business community, enhancing their survival prospects. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Q34: The primary purpose of the passage is to - criticize firms for engaging in the practice of downsizing
- analyze the negative economic impact of downsizing on firms
- offer an alternative to a traditional explanation for the occurrence of downsizing
- chronicle how perceptions of downsizing have changed over time
- provide evidence disputing the prevalence of downsizing
Answer: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Q35: The passage suggests that downsizing’s mythic properties can be beneficial to a downsizing firm because these properties - allow the firm to achieve significant operating efficiencies
- provide the firm with access to important organizing resources
- encourage a long-term increase in the firm’s stock price
- make the firm less reliant on external figures such as financial analysts and consultants
- discourage the firm’s competitors from entering the global marketplace
Answer: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Q36: The passage suggests which of the following about the claim that a firm will become more efficient and competitive by downsizing? - Few firms actually believe this claim to be true.
- Fewer firms have been making this claim in recent years.
- This claim contradicts the basic assumption of organization theory.
- This claim is called into question by certain recent research.
- This claim is often treated with skepticism by the business press.
Answer: GWD-24 Q10 TO 12 Is it possible to decrease inflation without causing a reces- sion and its concomitant increase line in unemployment? The orthodox (5) answer is “no.” whether they support the “inertia” theory of inflation (that today’s inflation rate is caused by yesterday’s infla- tion, the state of the economic (10) cycle, and external influences such as import prices) or the “rational expectations” theory (that inflation is caused by workers’ and employers’ expec- (15) tations, coupled with a lack of credible monetary and fiscal policies), most economists agree that tight monetary and fiscal policies, which cause (20) recessions, are necessary to decelerate inflation. They point out that in the 1980’s, many European countries and the United States conquered high (25) (by these countries’ standards) inflation, but only by applying tight monetary and fiscal policies that sharply increased unemployment. Nevertheless, some govern- (30) ments’ policymakers insist that direct controls on wages and prices, without tight monetary and fiscal policies, can succeed in decreasing inflation. Unfortu- (35) nately, because this approach fails to deal with the underlying causes of inflation, wage and price controls eventually col- lapse, the hitherto-repressed (40) inflation resurfaces, and in the meantime, though the policy- makers succeed in avoiding a recession, a frozen structure of relative prices imposes distor- (45) tions that do damage to the economy’s prospects for long- term growth. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 GWD-24 The passage suggests that the high inflation in the United States and many European countries in the 1980’s differed from inflation elsewhere in which of the following ways? A. It fit the rational expectations theory of inflation but not the inertia theory of inflation. B. It was possible to control without causing a recession. C. It was easier to control in those countries by applying tight monetary and fiscal policies than it would have been elsewhere. D. It was not caused by workers’ and employers’ expectations. E. It would not necessarily be considered high elsewhere. Answer: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GWD-24-11 Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen The author’s conclusion about the use of wage and price controls? A. Countries that repeatedly use wage and price controls tend to have lower long-term economic growth rates than do other countries. B. Countries that have extremely high inflation frequently place very stringent controls on wages and prices in an attempt to decrease the inflation. C. Some countries have found that the use of wage and price controls succeeds in decreasing inflation but also causes a recession. D. Policymakers who advocate the use of wage and price controls believe that these controls will deal with the underlying causes of inflation. E. Policymakers who advocate the use o wage and price controls are usually more concerned about long-term economic goals than about short-term economic goals answer: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GWD-24-12 The primary purpose of the passage is to A. apply two conventional theories. B examine a generally accepted position C. support a controversial policy D. explain the underlying causes of a phenomenon E. propose an innovative solution GWD25-Q 13 to 15: Grassland songbirds often nest in the same grassland-wetland complexes as waterfowl, particularly in a certain Line part of those complexes, namely, (5) upland habitats surrounding wetlands. Although some wildlife management procedures directed at waterfowl, such as habitat enhancement or restoration, may also benefit songbirds , the impact (10) of others, especially the control of waterfowl predators, remains difficult to predict. For example, most predators of waterfowl nests prey opportunistic- ally on songbird nests, and removing (15) these predators could directly increase songbird nesting success. Alterna- tively, small mammals such as mice and ground squirrels are important in the diet of many waterfowl-nest (20) predators and can themselves be important predators of songbird nets. Thus. Removing waterfowl-nest predators could affect songbird nesting success through subsequent increases (25) in small-mammal populations. In 1995 and 1996, researchers trapped and removed certain waterfowl- nest predators. primary raccoons and striped skunks, then observed subse- (30) quent survival rates for songbird nests. Surprisingly. They observed no sig- nificant effect on songbird nesting success. This may be due to several factors. Neither raccoons nor striped (35) skunks consume ground squirrels, which are important predators of song- bird nests. Thus, their removal may not have led to significant increases in populations of smaller predators. (40) Additionally, both raccoons and striped skunks prefer wetlands and spend little time in upland habitats; removing these species may not have increased the nesting success of songbirds in the uplands enough to allow detection. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Q 13: NOTE: You must scroll to read the answer choices for this question. According to the passage, which of the following is true about the role played by ground squirrels in the ecology of grassland-wetland complexes? A. While not important in the diet of raccoons or striped skunks, ground squirrels are a significant source of food for other waterfowl-nest predators. B. Whereas ground squirrels are typically important as predators of songbird nests, their opportunistic predation on waterfowl nests also has an observable effect on water- fowl nesting success. C. Although most waterfowl-nest predators prey on small mammals such as mice and ground squirrels, populations of ground squirrels tend to increase quickly enough to com- pensate for this level of predation. D. Although ground squirrels have been known to prey on songbird nests, a larger portion of their diets is usually provided by predation on waterfowl nests. E. Since larger predators tend to prefer small mammals to songbird eggs as a food source, a large population of ground squirrels plays an important role in controlling opportunistic predation on songbird nests. Neither raccoons nor striped skunks consume ground squirrels, which are important predators of songbird nests. ground squirrels are important in the diet of many waterfowl-nest predators and can themselves be important predators of songbird nets. 本题比较难，需要两处的文字对应才能做出来，特别需要注意的是：一般意义上的文字对应法不适合此题，因为在第二段又一次提到了suqirrels。 Answer: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Q 14: Which of the following best describes the function of the sentence “Neither raccoons…songbird nests” (lines 34-37) in the context of the passage as a whole? A. It raises questions about the validity of a theory described in the first paragraph. B. It points out an oversimplification that is inherent in the argument presented in the first paragraph. C. It introduces information that may help explain the results of the experiment that are presented earlier in the paragraph. D. It provides a specific example of the type of data collected in the experiment described earlier in the paragraph. E. It anticipates a potential objection to the conclusions drawn by the researchers involved in the experiment described earlier in the paragraph. Answer: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Q 15: The primary purpose of the passage is to A. describe some procedures used for wildlife management and consider some problems associated with the execution of those procedures B. outline a problem related to a wildlife management procedure and offer potential explanations for the results of an experiment bearing on that problem C. present experimental results that illustrate the need for certain wildlife management procedures and point out some inconsistencies in those results D. argue that a certain procedure used for wildlife management should be modified because of its unintended consequences E. propose that further experiments be performed to assess the long-term effects of certain wildlife management procedures answer: | 
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