【每日逻辑练习第二季】【2-16】

leewonting

162
3. The current pattern of human consumption of resources, in which we rely on nonrenewable resources, for example metal ore, must eventually change. Since there is only so much metal ore available, ultimately we must either do without or turn to renewable resources to take its place.
Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument?
(A) There are renewable resource replacements for all of the nonrenewable resources currently being consumed.
(B) We cannot indefinitely replace exhausted nonrenewable resources with other nonrenewable resources.
(C) A renewable resource cannot be exhausted by human consumption.
(D) Consumption of nonrenewable resources will not continue to increase in the near future.刚好反过来，对于有限资源的使用不会增加，那么就跟题目无关了！
(E) Ultimately we cannot do without nonrenewable resources.
背景：The current pattern of human consumption of resources, in which we rely on nonrenewable resources, must eventually change.
条件：There is only so much metal ore available
结论：Ultimately we must either do without or turn to renewable resources to take its place.
推测：This kind of resource will not be produced during human using it?
题目的意思是否为：非再生能源的量是一定会变化的，除非我们不使用这种能源或者使用其他代替的？
选D，D是基本项。
题目的意思是：我们使用资源的方式肯定会改变的，就像我们使用金属一样。

Question #3. Assumption. October 2001 LSAT, Section 1, #18. The correct answer choice is (B)
The structure of the argument is as follows:
Premise: There is only so much metal ore available.
Subconclusion/ Ultimately we must either do without or turn to renewable resources to take its
Premise: place.
Conclusion: The current pattern of human consumption of resources, in which we rely on
nonrenewable resources, for example metal ore, must eventually change.
At first glance the argument does not seem to have any holes. This would suggest a Defender answer is coming, and indeed that is the case.
Answer choice (A): The author does not need to assume this statement because the stimulus specifically indicates that “we must either do without or turn to renewable resources.” Since doing without is an option, the author is not assuming there are renewable replacements for all nonrenewable resources currently being consumed.
Answer choice (B): This is the correct answer. This answer defends the conclusion that the consumption pattern must change by indicating that it would not be possible to simply replace one nonrenewable resource with another nonrenewable resource. If this answer did not make sense at first glance, you should have noted the negative language and then negated the answer. Using the Assumption Negation Technique, the following would clearly attack the conclusion: “We can indefinitely replace exhausted nonrenewable resources with other nonrenewable resources.” If the nonrenewable resources can be indefinitely replaced, why do we need to change our consumption habits?
Answer choice (C): The author’s argument concerns changing current consumption habits. Although the
author does suggest turning to renewable resources, this alone would represent a change. The author does not make a long-term assumption that renewable resources can never be depleted. When faced with the negation of the answer choice, the author would likely reply: “If that eventuality does occur, then perhaps we will have to do without. In the meantime, we still need to change our consumption habits.” As you can see, the negation has not undermined the author’s position, and so this answer is incorrect.
Answer choice (D): The author does not make statements or assumptions about actual consumption patterns in the near future, only statements regarding what must eventually occur.
Answer choice (E): This answer, when rephrased to eliminate the double negative, reads as “Ultimately we must have nonrenewable resources.” Because this answer hurts the argument, the answer is incorrect.



163（没有boldface）
背景：
条件：
结论：
推测：


164
背景：Park rangers can track the movements of many rhinoceroses because those animals wear collars.
条件：It finds that recollared females have lower fertility than unrecollared females.
结论：Therefore, some substances in the tranquilizer inhibits fertility.
推测：除了lower fertility之外，没有任何的不同才可以得出这个结论。会不会lower fertility的female比较活泼？
选C


165
In the year following an eight-cent increase in the federal tax on a pack of cigarettes, sales of cigarettes fell ten percent.  In contrast, in the year prior to the tax increase, sales had fallen one percent.  The volume of cigarette sales is therefore strongly related to the after-tax price of a pack of cigarettes.  
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument above?
A. During the second year after the tax increase, cigarette sales increased by a significant amount.
B. The information available to consumers on the health risks of smoking remained largely unchanged in the period before and after the tax increase.
C. Most consumers were unaware that the tax on cigarettes was going to increase.
D. During the year following the cigarette tax increase, many consumers had less income, in inflation-adjusted dollars, than they had had in the previous year.
E. During the year after the tax increase, there was a greater variety of cigarettes on the market than there had been during the previous year.
背景：In the year following an eight-cent increase in the federal tax on a pack of cigarettes, sales of cigarettes fell ten percent.
条件：In the year prior to the tax increase, sales had fallen 1%.
结论：The volumn of cigarettes sales is therefore strongly related to the afer-tax price of a pack of cigarettes.
推测：如果只跟afer-tax pack有关，那么其他任何因素不影响。
选A
主题的思路应该是，排除所有除了tax能让sales降低的因素。= =+A果然是反过来了！！！！看清题目！

166
背景：carts?customers shop more and more?
条件：The amount spent by these additional customers only just covered the cost of providing the carts, providing carts would still probably increase Jerrod’s profits
结论：More shoppers would shop at Jerrod’s department store if they were offered the convenience of shopping carts.
推测：appeal to all customers?
选E, directly increas the sales！

jetyxo

做完作业一翻页，都没了，呜呜，好几次了....
 做错两道1和3 ，犀牛那道题C选项不是说除了上项圈之外使用镇静剂的频率么？这个和原题有什么关系呀，实在想不通为什么是C？？谁能帮忙解答下呢？

lovecq77

现象：香烟税上升8%销量下降10%，税涨之前销量下降1%
结论：税后价影响香烟的销量。
加强
A. During the second year after the tax increase, cigarette sales increased by a significant amount.
税后第二年，销量又涨了，并不是价格影响，无关
B. The information available to consumers on the health risks of smoking remained largely unchanged in the period before and after the tax increase.
无他因，不是因为大家对吸烟有害健康的看法引起的
C. Most consumers were unaware that the tax on cigarettes was going to increase.
否定前提，那讨论价格有什么意义呢
D. During the year following the cigarette tax increase, many consumers had less income, in inflation-adjusted dollars, than they had had in the previous year.
消费者收入减少，所以价格会影响销量啊，对价格敏感，怎么不对？

BD如何判断啊。。。

-- by 会员 mengyizheng (2012/5/22 22:12:11)

您好，我个人认为，作者的结论是，香烟销量主要和价格有关。要加强这个论点一是，价格升高，销量降低（文中已给出）；二是，当价格降低，销量回升。（哪个选项都没提到）；三是，排除其他原因。B选项是说，人们获得吸烟危害健康的信息量没有变化，也就是反向说销量下降，不是人们对健康关注了，而是价格因素引起的。加强。

D.削弱了结论。D选项是多们收入少了，通货高了，所以消费香烟少了—>香烟销量降低。这削弱了结论中价格是主导因素的地位。很可能是因为通货膨胀引起的销量下降。不够直接。

请指教

lovecq77

做完作业一翻页，都没了，呜呜，好几次了....
 做错两道1和3 ，犀牛那道题C选项不是说除了上项圈之外使用镇静剂的频率么？这个和原题有什么关系呀，实在想不通为什么是C？？谁能帮忙解答下呢？

-- by 会员 jetyxo (2012/7/6 10:49:16)

其实这题可以用排除法。
A.Whether there are more collared female rhinoceroses than uncollared femalerhinoceroses in the park à是否有更多的collared femalerhinoceroses ,这个与结论 tranquilizer dar中some substance印象fertility是无关的。
B. How the tranquilizer that is used for immobilizing rhinoceroses differs, ifat all, from tranquilizers used in working with other large mammals tranquilizer用在rhinoceroses上和用在otherlarge mammals 有什么区别。无关。
C. How often park rangers need to use tranquilizer darts to immobilizerhinoceroses for reasons other than attaching radio collars –>correct. 多久park rangers 用一次tranquilizerdarts
D. Whether male rhinoceroses in the wildlife park lose their collars any moreoften than the park’s female rhinoceroses do à是否公犀牛比母犀牛更经常掉落collars。无关
E. Whether radio collars are the only practical means that park rangers havefor tracking the movements of rhinoceroses in the park à是否radio collars是唯一追踪犀牛的方法. 无关。

silviahelena

报名加打卡。。。等会来写逻辑链

ariel0923

文章是说打镇静剂多了 才导致生育问题
如果除了给他们带collar的时候也经常给他们打的话 表示两者打的镇静剂差不多 那镇静剂就不会成为生育问题的原因了

xiongyz

1.    28s
P: The current pattern of human consumption of resources, in which we rely on nonrenewable resources, for example metal ore, must eventually change. Since there is only so much metal ore available,
C: ultimately we must either do without or turn to renewable resources to take its place.
Assumption: 已经发现了所有的nonrenewable resources, 并且确定数量是确定的
(A) There are renewable resource replacements for all of the nonrenewable resources currently being consumed. ---correct, 取非削弱，如果没有replacement， 就不能turn to renewable resources
(B) We cannot indefinitely replace exhausted nonrenewable resources with other nonrenewable resources. ---无关
(C) A renewable resource cannot be exhausted by human consumption. ---无关
(D) Consumption of nonrenewable resources will not continue to increase in the near future. ---与consumption的增减无关
(E) Ultimately we cannot do without nonrenewable resources. ---只是陈述了结论中的一句话
正确答案：B， 取非削弱。。。If the nonrenewable resources can be indefinitely replaced, why do we need to change our consumption habits?

2.    60s
没有黑体做不了。。。

3.    42s
B: In a certain wildlife park, park rangers are able to track the movements of many rhinoceroses because those animals wear radio collars.  When, as often happens, a collar slips off, it is put back on.  utting a collar on a rhinoceros involves immobilizing the animal by shooting it with a tranquilizer dart.  
P: Female rhinoceroses that have been frequently recollared have significantly lower fertility rates than uncollared females.  
C: Probably, therefore, some substance in the tranquilizer inhibits fertility.
Evaluate: 观察的有collar 和没有collar 的female数量相当。。。
A. Whether there are more collared female rhinoceroses than uncollared female rhinoceroses in the park ---maybe correct…
B. How the tranquilizer that is used for immobilizing rhinoceroses differs, if at all, from tranquilizers used in working with other large mammals ---irrelevant, other large animals
C. How often park rangers need to use tranquilizer darts to immobilize rhinoceroses for reasons other than attaching radio collars ---irrelevant
D. Whether male rhinoceroses in the wildlife park lose their collars any more often than the park’s female rhinoceroses do ---compare 无关
E. Whether radio collars are the only practical means that park rangers have for tracking the movements of rhinoceroses in the park ---irrelevant
正确答案：C， 看了楼上的解释，明白了。。。如果要经常使用镇静剂则结论肯定，如果没有经常，结论否定~~

4.    27s
P: In the year following an eight-cent increase in the federal tax on a pack of cigarettes, sales of cigarettes fell ten percent.  In contrast, in the year prior to the tax increase, sales had fallen one percent.
C:The volume of cigarette sales is therefore strongly related to the after-tax price of a pack of cigarettes.  
Strengthen: 香烟的价格没有下降得比eight-cent increase in the federal tax多
A. During the second year after the tax increase, cigarette sales increased by a significant amount. ---weaken
B. The information available to consumers on the health risks of smoking remained largely unchanged in the period before and after the tax increase. ---correct，排除它因
C. Most consumers were unaware that the tax on cigarettes was going to increase. ---weaken
D. During the year following the cigarette tax increase, many consumers had less income, in inflation-adjusted dollars, than they had had in the previous year. ---weaken
E. During the year after the tax increase, there was a greater variety of cigarettes on the market than there had been during the previous year. ---无关

5.    23s
P: According to experts on shopping behavior, more shoppers would shop at Jerrod’s department store if they were offered the convenience of shopping carts.  since _______.
C: In fact, even if the amount spent by these additional customers only just covered the cost of providing the carts, providing carts would still probably increase Jerrod’s profits,
Support: providing carts能吸引更多顾客。。。总之有好处~~
A. the layout of Jerrod’s is open enough to accommodate shopping carts comfortably ---irrelevant
B. several department stores that compete with Jerrod’s have begun to make shopping carts available to their customers ---与其他competitor无关
C. there are some potential customers who would not be enticed to shop at Jerrod’s by the availability of shopping carts ---weaken
D. stores that make shopping carts available to customers usually have to hire people to retrieve them from parking areas ---weaken
E. a customer with a shopping cart buys more, on average, than a customer without a cart ---correct, support

zxppx

3. The current pattern of human consumption of
resources, in which we rely on nonrenewable
resources, for example metal ore, must eventually
change. Since there is only so much metal ore
available, ultimately we must either do without or
turn to renewable resources to take its place.
Which one of the following is an assumption
required by the argument?

The conclusion is that we must change the consumption which relies on nonrenewable resources. So we can have two choices that we either do without or turn to renewable resources to take it place.

A) There are renewable resource replacements for
all of the nonrenewable resources currently
being consumed.

“Replacements for all of the nonrenewable resources” is not right.
(B) We cannot indefinitely replace exhausted
nonrenewable resources with other
nonrenewable resources.

Yes, in this case, we can find out that the answer choice strengthens the argument by showing that another alternative can be eliminated. BA
(C) A renewable resource cannot be exhausted by
human consumption.

It seems to be a contender, but the argument does not reveal that the renewable resource is permanent.
(D) Consumption of nonrenewable resources will
not continue to increase in the near future.

Consumption of nonrenewable resources is not required to reduce.
(E) Ultimately we cannot do without nonrenewable
resources.

It is one of the choices, but it has been referred in the argument.



73. (25075-!-item-!-188;#058&001412)
Most of Western music since the Renaissance has been based on a seven-note scale known as the diatonic scale, but when did the scale originate? A fragment of a bone flute excavated at a Neanderthal campsite has four holes, which are spaced in exactly the right way for playing the third through sixth notes of a diatonic scale. The entire flute must surely have had more holes, and the flute was made from a bone that was long enough for these additional holes to have allowed a complete diatonic scale to be played. Therefore, the Neanderthals who made the flute probably used a diatonic musical scale.
In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?



74. (29534-!-item-!-188;#058&004138)
In a certain wildlife park, park rangers are able to track the movements of many rhinoceroses because those animals wear radio collars. When, as often happens, a collar slips off, it is put back on. Putting a collar on a rhinoceros involves immobilizing the animal by shooting it with a tranquilizer dart. Female rhinoceroses that have been frequently recollared have significantly lower fertility rates than uncollared females. Probably, therefore, some substance in the tranquilizer inhibits fertility.

这里需要比较的是经常注射镇定剂的母犀牛和没有注射镇定剂的母犀牛它们的生育率。但是文中只提到了“frequently recollared”和“uncollared ”，暗含的假设就是说前者代表“经常被注射镇定剂”，后者“没有被注射镇定剂”。而C选项正好指出了这一点，如果镇定剂除了用来帮助带项圈，还有其他用途的话，那么这两者之间的假设就不成立了，削弱结论；反之，则加强结论

In evaluating the argument, it would be most useful to determine which of the following?

A. Whether there are more collared female rhinoceroses than uncollared female rhinoceroses in the park

我觉得如果tranquilizer没有作用的话，不管哪个的数量更多，其生殖能力应该都是一样的；但是如果有作用的话，不管哪个数量更多，被注射的母性犀牛的生殖能力都应该会下降。所以和数量没什么关系！
B. How the tranquilizer that is used for immobilizing rhinoceroses differs, if at all, from tranquilizers used in working with other large mammals

Comparison with other large mammals is irrelevant.
C. How often park rangers need to use tranquilizer darts to immobilize rhinoceroses for reasons other than attaching radio collars

The frequency is outside the scope of the argument.

the reason (c) matters is because the study purports to cover the differences between rhinos that have been hit with tranquilizer darts (let's call them "tranks") and those that haven't. however, the study DOESN'T directly split the rhinos into "trank" and "non-trank" groups; it splits them into "frequently recollared" and "not frequently recollared" groups.
the argument therefore depends on the assumption that "frequently recollared" is an adequate proxy for "been hit by tranks" and that "not frequently recollared" is an adequate proxy for "not been hit by tranks".
choice (c) is very much relevant to this assumption, because that association falls apart if the rhinos are getting tranked for lots of other reasons in addition to the collar issue.From Manhattan
D. Whether male rhinoceroses in the wildlife park lose their collars any more often than the park’s female rhinoceroses do

The comparison with male rhinoceroses has no effect on the argument.
E. Whether radio collars are the only practical means that park rangers have for tracking the movements of rhinoceroses in the park

排除他因



75. (33198-!-item-!-188;#058&007254)
In the year following an eight-cent increase in the federal tax on a pack of cigarettes, sales of cigarettes fell ten percent. In contrast, in the year prior to the tax increase, sales had fallen one percent. The volume of cigarette sales is therefore strongly related to the after-tax price of a pack of cigarettes.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument above?

A. During the second year after the tax increase, cigarette sales increased by a significant amount.

Actually, this answer choice weakens the argument by showing that the increased tax is not the main reason that the volume of cigarette sales falls during the first year.
B. The information available to consumers on the health risks of smoking remained largely unchanged in the period before and after the tax increase.

Yes, it rules out other explanation, thus strengthening the argument. BA
C. Most consumers were unaware that the tax on cigarettes was going to increase.

The answer weakens the argument, because people do not realize the increase in the tax.
D. During the year following the cigarette tax increase, many consumers had less income, in inflation-adjusted dollars, than they had had in the previous year.

It weakens the argument by introducing other explanation.
E. During the year after the tax increase, there was a greater variety of cigarettes on the market than there had been during the previous year.

Actually, it weakens the argument by showing that the variation of cigarettes may contribute to the decrease.

angelann728

精炼 29’
Conclusion: pattern of consumption of resources must be changed.
Premise: nonrenewable resources available are limited. Ultimately, we must either do without nonrenewable resources or replace them by renewable resources.
问Assumption: E
A 削弱
B 迷惑项 不如E好 侧重偏
C 削弱
D 削弱

45’ 没黑体 逻辑思路就premise- conclusion 挺顺的论证关系

生词略多 一遍没懂
Premise：putting a collar on a rhinoceros involves immobilizing the animal by shooting it with a tranquilizer dart.
putting a collar 需要固定动物通过射麻醉飞镖
Female rhinoceroses that have been frequently recollared have significantly lower fertility rates低生育率 than uncollared females.  
Conclusion：Probably, therefore, some substance in the tranquilizer inhibits fertility.
问evaluate: C 质疑麻醉次数比较

16’
今年10% 去年做参照系1%
conclusion：下降和package tax相关
问strengthen: B 排除他因
ACDE 全削弱

28’
Expert’s suggestion: offer carts will increase consumers
Counter-premise: the costs of offering carts just covered the increased revenue from new consumers
Conclusion: should offer carts
问原因 选B
A 无关
C entice 促使 诱使 削弱
D 削弱
E 陷阱 profits 已定
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~理直气壮错两题成习惯了么。。 为了觉得最后一个选B 比E 合适的。。。

kid381

2-16
76 28’’
Currently, human consumes unrenewable resources, and this trend can’t be supported forever. One day, we should do without any resources or change to renewable resources.
Assumption: human cannot develop and unearth other unrenewable resources in the future (B).
A irrelevant, without A we can still have the conclusion: change or deplete.
B bingo
C is a background info, but irrelevant
D negate this choice does not attack the conclusion
E irrelevant
77 55’’
Boldface C
OA: A
78 39’’
People use tranquilizer to immobile a rhinoceros so that they can wear the collar for the subjects. Sometimes collar will fall and to install the collar again, some extra tranquilizers are used. Research shows that female rhinoceros that have the collar have lower fertility rates, so it might be possible that tranquilizer decrease the fertility ability of female rhinoceros.
Evaluation: whether other activities need to insert tranquilizer to rhinoceros too (C).
79 18’’
Federal tax be raised > lower cigarette consumption.
Prior to tax be raised > less declination in cigarette consumption.
Strengthen: other factors keep equal in these two years (B).
80 44’’
Increase shopping carts > more shopper would shop at Jerrod’s department stores
Experts: even though the increased customer’s consumption can only offset the cost of shopping carts, this measure is lucrative.
Explanation why: besides the new customer attracted by the shopping carts, the old loyal customers will buy more products per shopping (E).