高智威阅读机经26+1分析

psyche89

谢谢啦！

psyche89

许久未更新啦！今天来一篇，美洲人起源。依旧是没有题目的，还是分析一下文章结构吧。
我好想知道大家对于这些没有题目的文章是怎么处理的呢？总感觉没有题做看文章就没有方向呀，分析也不知道哪里是侧重点。
下面放原文，依旧出自高智威GRE阅读机经考古还原26+1篇，这是第五篇文章。

Recent discoveries in New World archaeology along with new scientific methods for analyzing
data have led to new ideas regarding the origin of the first peoples of the Americas and their time of
arrival.

The traditional theory held that the first Americans crossed the land bridge from Siberia to Alaska
around 11,500 years ago and followed an "ice-free corridor" between two large Canadian ice sheets
(the Laurentide and Cordilleran) to reach unglaciated lands to the south. These first inhabitants, whose
archaeological sites are scattered across North and South America, were called the Clovis people,
named after the town in New Mexico where their fluted spear points used for hunting mammoth were
first found in 1932.

There is now convincing evidence of human habitation sites that date earlier than the Clovis
culture including sites located in South America. Monte Verde, a well-studied site located along a river
near southern central Chile, dates 12,500 years ago. This site contains the buried remnants of dwellings,
stone tools including large bifacial projectile points, and preserved medicinal and edible plants. How
did people manage to settle this far south at such an early date? A coastal migration route is now
gaining more acceptance, rather than the older view of small bands moving on foot across the middle
of the land bridge between Siberia and Alaska and into the continents. Emerging evidence suggests that
people with boats moved along the Pacific coast into Alaska and northwestern Canada and eventually
south to Peru and Chile by 12,500 years ago—and perhaps much earlier. Archaeological evidence in
Australia, Melanesia, and Japan indicate boats were in use as far back as 25,000 to 40,000 years ago.
Sea routes would have provided abundant food resources and easier and faster movement than land routes. Many coastal areas were unglaciated at this time, providing opportunities for landfall along the
way. Several early sites along the coast of Canada, California, Peru, Ecuador, and Chile date between
10,000 and 12,000 years ago. Many potential coastal sites are now submerged, making investigation
difficult.

psyche89

第一段一句话，一看就是新观点推翻旧观点的文章。讲对美洲人起源和起源时间又有新发现了。

第二段两句话，讲的都是旧观点对起源和起源时间的看法。再看看第一段，正好是新观点要驳斥的两个方面。旧观点觉得第一波到美洲的人（叫clovis）走的是从land brige 到corridor 再到south的路线，时间大概在11500年以前。

第三段11句话，讲的都是新观点到底哪里和旧的不一样了。这一段可以分为两层，第一层是前3句，驳斥起源时间。讲在monte verde发现的工具等等东西比clovis人更早，大概在12500年以前。第二层是后面8句，驳斥起源的路线。前三句说观点，新观点觉得第一波到美洲的人走的是水路，coastal route，而不是陆路。路线是从 pacific 到 alaska, north canada 到south。中间三句讲依据，首先，那个时候已经有人使用船只了，第二，很多coastal area具备着陆的条件，最后两句讲新观点的不确定性，还有很多site现在很难考证。

总体来看，这种新旧观点对比的文章，都是会先告诉你有新观点啦，然后讲旧观点是啥，新观点是啥，新观点哪里驳斥了旧观点，哪里还有待考证。不过我看的文章做的题都不多，这个规律也有待考证，哈哈。

psyche89

点醒我！！说的太对了！它不是main idea.

psyche89

终于有人回应啦，好开心。第二篇让人头疼啊头疼！我还有好多疑问呢，都随着分析写出来了，大家一起讨论吧！

psyche89

今天上第六篇，讲一个关于蜜蜂的传染病的研究。有题哦。文章出自高智威GRE阅读机经考古还原26+1篇2.0版。

Ingestion of food containing spores of the pathogen Ascosphaera apis causes a fatal fungal disease
known as chalk brood in honeybee larvae. However, larvae must be chilled to about 30°C (normal
brood-comb temperature is 33-36°C) for the disease to develop. Accordingly, chalk brood is most
common in spring and in small colonies. A recent study revealed that honeybees responsible for
hive-temperature maintenance purposely raised the hives’ temperature when colonies were inoculated
with A.apis this “fever,” or up-regulation of temperature, occurred before any larvae died, suggesting
that the response is preventative and that either honeybee workers detect the infection before symptoms
are visible or larvae communicate the ingestion of the pathogen. Temperature returned to normal by the
end of the study, suggesting that increased temperature is not optimal when broods are not infected, as
well as that the fever does not result merely from normal colony growth (i.e., an increase in the number
of workers available for temperature maintenance).

6.1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) discuss the findings and implications of a particular study
(B) illustrate a process that formerly had been misunderstood
(C) outline the methods used to investigate a problem
(D) provide evidence to support a controversial theory
(E) contrast alternative interpretations of certain date

6.2. According to the passage, researchers concluded that fever in honeybee coloniesis preventative
because their study showed that such fever
(A) does not occur when hive temperatures are within normal range
(B) protests adult bees from contracting chalk brood infection
(C) occurs prior to the death of any larvae
(D) is more likely to occur in spring than in summer
(E) does not have an effect on uninfected broods

6.3. The passage implies that if hive temperature had not returned to normal by the end of the study in
question, a probable conclusion of the researchers would have been that
(A) up-regulation of temperature is a preventative measure against chalkbrood
(B) honeybees are incapable of purposely raising hive temperatures
(C) A. apis cannot be completely eradicated throughup-regulation of temperature along
(D) honeybee larvae have a mechanism to alert adult honeybees to the presenceof A. apis
(E) honeybee larvae may benefit from increased hive temperature even when there is no A. apis present

6.4. According to the passage, which of the following is true of chalk brood infection among honeybee
larvae ？
(A) Larvae in small colonies are more likely to pass the infection to adult honeybees than are larvae in
large ones.
(B) Infection with chalk brood induces larvae to raise their hive’s temperature.
(C) The infection is more likely to affect larvae in winter than in spring.
(D) Larvae fail to develop symptoms of the disease when their brood –comb temperature remains
within the normal range.
(E) Infected larvae exhibit visible symptoms of disease for a significant time before death.

psyche89

答案 ACED

全文就一段，一共6句话。

第一句，引出话题，说如果蜜蜂吃了有Ascosphaera apis 的食物，就会导致幼虫（larvae）生一种致命疾病，叫chalk brood。 个人觉得读这句话的关键在于一定要搞清楚专有名词。并不是说要知道这些专有名词的意思，而是说一定要搞清楚它们指代的是啥，比如Ascosphaera apis 指的是一种病毒，chalk brood指的是一种病。因为这些名词在后文会反复出现，如果搞不清楚指的是病毒还是疾病还是幼虫，那读文章的时候就只会觉得看哪个单词都好像刚才看过，但理不清逻辑关系。这是我做阅读的时候最最常犯的错误。

第二句，进一步描述chalk brood这个病。however转折，作者要表达虽然这个病致命，但是它只有在幼虫温度降到（chill）30度的时候才发作。注意，这个30度并不是幼虫的正常体温，而是降温以后的体温，正常体温作者在这句话后的括号里告诉你了。言外之意，这个病在正常体温时不发作。第6.4题D选项就涉及了这里。我当时已经被后面一会升一会降的体温搞晕了，错把30度当正常体温，所以选错了。

第三句，依旧描述chalk brood这个病，承接上一句，讲这个病在春季和小群体中最流行。6.4题A选项涉及这里，但是这个选项错在它说在幼虫更可能把病传给成年蜜蜂，这个文章没有讲到。

第四句，这里我有一个疑问，我觉得这句话在“when colonies were inoculated with A.apis”后面应该有个句号，后面是另外一句。不知道我的理解对不对，就先索性把它分成两句看，待哪位同学能给我分析分析这句话的结构。所以第四句是“A recent study revealed that honeybees responsible for hive-temperature maintenance purposely raised the hives’ temperature when colonies were inoculated with A.apis” 从这句话起，后面开始讲研究了。研究发现当一个种群遭受这种A这种病毒，负责控制蜂房温度的蜜蜂就会提升蜂房的温度。

第五句，“this “fever,” or up-regulation of temperature, occurred before any larvae died, suggesting that the response is preventative and that either honeybee workers detect the infection before symptoms are visible or larvae communicate the ingestion of the pathogen” 讲升温发生在幼虫死亡之前，这表明（suggest）了三件事：第一，升温这种反应是预防性的；第二，工蜂能够在有明显症状以前就察觉种群被传染了；第三，幼虫能传播这种病毒。这句话是个因果关系，因是“升温在幼虫死亡之前”，果是后面表明的三件事。搞清楚谁导致了谁灰常重要，因为6.2题就考这里，问为啥说升温行为是预防性的，答案当然是因为升温在幼虫死亡以前。

第六句，讲在研究的末期，发现温度又降回正常值了，这也表明了两件事：第一，在有虫卵没被感染以前，升温不是最佳选择；第二，升温并不仅仅是因为normal colony growth 。（其实这里我有点没明白作者想说什么，但是不影响做题）6.3题考了这里，问如果研究末期温度不降低表明啥，答案就是把表明的两件事取非，E选项说的就是第一件事取非以后的结果。

综上，全文是在讲一个研究和它的发现，所以第6.1题选A。

psyche89

是吧。看来做机经还原回来的文章还要小心里面的错误啊！各位注意！

psyche89

有帮助是最好了！有啥问题拿上来大家一起讨论呀。

psyche89

今天来第七篇，关于美国的十四修正案的文章，看得我那叫一个纠结啊，题也不少。
先来原文。

The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1868, prohibits state
governments from denying citizens the “equal protection of the laws.” Although precisely what the
framers of the amendment meant by this equal protection clause remains unclear, all interpreters agree
that the framers’ immediate objective was to provide a constitutional warrant for the Civil Rights Act
of 1866, which guaranteed the citizenship of all persons born in the United States and subject to United
States jurisdiction. This declaration, which was echoed in the text of the Fourteenth Amendment, was
designed primarily to counter the Supreme Court’s ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford that Black people
in the United States could be denied citizenship. The act was vetoed by President Andrew Johnson,
who argued that the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery, did not provide Congress with
the authority to extend citizenship and equal protection to the freed slaves. Although Congress
promptly overrode Johnson’s veto, supporters of the act sought to ensure its constitutional foundations
with the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment.

The broad language of the amendment strongly suggests that its framers were proposing to write
into the Constitution not a laundry list of specific civil rights but a principle of equal citizenship that
forbids organized society from treating any individual as a member of an inferior class. Yet for the first
eight decades of the amendment’s existence, the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the amendment
betrayed this ideal of equality. In the Civil Rights Cases of 1883, for example, the Court invented the
“state action” limitation, which asserts that “private” decisions by owners of public accommodations
and other commercial businesses to segregate their facilities are insulated from the reach of the
Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection under the law.

After the Second World War, a judicial climate more hospitable to equal protection claims
culminated in the Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v. Board of Education that racially segregated
schools violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Two doctrines embraced by
the Supreme Court during this period extended the amendment’s reach. First, the Court required
especially strict scrutiny of legislation that employed a “suspect classification,” meaning discrimination
against a group on grounds that could be construed as racial. This doctrine has broadened the
application of the Fourteenth Amendment to other, nonracial forms of discrimination, for while some
justices have refused to find any legislative classification other than race to be constitutionally
disfavored, most have been receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial discriminations, sexual discrimination in particular, are “suspect” and deserve this heightened scrutiny by the courts. Second,
the Court relaxed the state action limitation on the Fourteenth Amendment, bringing new forms of
private conduct within the amendment’s reach.

7.1. Which of the following best describes the main idea of the passage?
(A) By presenting a list of specific rights, framers of the Fourteenth Amendment were attempting to
provide a constitutional basis for broad judicial protection of the principle of equal citizenship.
(B) Only after the Supreme Court adopted the suspect classification approach to reviewing potentially
discriminatory legislation was the applicability of the Fourteenth Amendment extended to include
sexual discrimination.
(C) Not until after the Second World War did the Supreme Court begin to interpret the Fourteenth
Amendment in a manner consistent with the principle of equal citizenship that it expresses.
(D) Interpreters of the Fourteenth Amendment have yet to reach consensus with regard to what its
framers meant by the equal protection clause.
(E) Although the reluctance of judges to extend the reach of the Fourteenth Amendment to nonracial
discrimination has betrayed the principle of equal citizenship, the Supreme Court’s use of the state
action limitation to insulate private activity from the amendment’s reach has been more harmful.

7.2. The passage suggests that the principal effect of the state action limitation was to
(A) allow some discriminatory practices to continue unimpeded by the Fourteenth Amendment
(B) influence the Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v, Board of Education
(C) provide expanded guidelines describing prohibited actions
(D) prohibit states from enacting laws that violated the intent of the Civil Rights Act of 1866
(E) shift to state governments the responsibility for enforcement of laws prohibiting discriminatory
practices

7.3. The author’s position regarding the intent of the framers of the Fourteenth Amendment would be
most seriously undermined if which of the following were true?
(A) The framers had anticipated state action limitations as they are described in the passage.
(B) The framers had merely sought to prevent discriminatory acts by federal officials.
(C) The framers were concerned that the Civil Rights Act of 1866 would be overturned by the Supreme
Court.
(D) The framers were aware that the phrase “equal protection of the laws” had broad implications.
(E) The framers believed that racial as well as non-racial forms of discrimination were unacceptable.

7.4. According to the passage, the original proponents of the Fourteenth Amendment were primarily
concerned with
(A) detailing the rights afforded by the principle of equal citizenship
(B) providing support in the Constitution for equal protection for all citizens of the United States
(C) closing a loophole that could be used to deny individuals the right to sue for enforcement of their
civil rights
(D) asserting that the civil rights protected by the Constitution included nonracial discrimination as
well as racial discrimination
(E) granting state governments broader discretion in interpreting the Civil Rights Act of 1866
7.5. The author implies that the Fourteenth Amendment might not have been enacted if
(A) Congress’ authority with regard to legislating civil rights had not been challenged
(B) the framers had anticipated the Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v. Board of Education
(C) the framers had believed that it would be used in deciding cases of discrimination involving
non-racial groups
(D) most state governments had been willing to protect citizens’ civil rights
(E) its essential elements had not been implicit in the Thirteenth Amendment

7.6. According to the passage, which of the following most accurately indicates the sequence of the
events listed below?
I. Civil Rights Act of 1866
II. Dred Scott v. Sandford
III. Fourteenth Amendment
IV. Veto by President Johnson
(A) I, II, III, IV
(B) I, IV, II, III
(C) I, IV, III, II
(D) II, I, IV, III
(E) III, II, I, IV

7.7. Which of the following can be inferred about the second of the two doctrines referred to in lines
39-41 of the passage?
(A) It caused some justices to rule that all types of discrimination are prohibited by the Constitution.
(B) It shifted the focus of the Supreme Court from racial to nonracial discrimination.
(C) It narrowed the concern of the Supreme Court to legislation that employed a suspect classification.
(D) It caused legislators who were writing new legislation to reject language that could be construed as
permitting racial discrimination.
(E) It made it more difficult for commercial businesses to practice racial discrimination.