GWD17 26

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1.        V-Q24-Q27 AFL对政府医疗保障的态度


     In 1938, at the government-convened   1938年的会议上工会工人



      National Health Conference, organized labor      是提议立法保障公众健康

      emerged as a major proponent of legislation       的主要力量。

Line       to guarantee universal health care in the

 (5)      United States.  The American Medical
      代表医师利益的AMM要


Association, representing physicians’         求保护医师的自由市场权。

interests, argued for preserving physicians’

free-market prerogatives.  Labor activists      劳工行动家反对他们，坚

countered these arguments by insisting that     持说卫生保健是由政府项

(10)      health care was a fundamental right that       目保障的基本权利。

should be guaranteed by government

programs. 1938年, labor activists支持政府医疗保障

     The labor activists’ position represented 劳工行动家的立场背离了

a departure from the voluntarist view held     AFL到1935年才放弃的

(15)      until 1935 by leaders of the American        唯意志观点。

Federation of labor (AFL), a leading affili-

ation of labor unions; the voluntarist view      唯意志观点强调工人有权

stressed workers’ right to freedom from        摆脱政府对自己生活的干

government intrusions into their lives and       扰，它认为健康保险危及

(20)      represented national health insurance as a      公众隐私。

      threat to workers’ privacy.  AFL president       AFL领袖SG肆意说代表了

      Samuel Gompers, presuming to speak for         全体工人，反对AALL在

all workers, had positioned the AFL as         1915年设立健康保险的提

a leading opponent of the proposals for         议。

(25)      national health insurance that were advo-

cated beginning in 1915 by the American

Association for Labor Legislation (AALL),

an organization dedicated to the study and

reform of labor laws.  Gompers’ opposition    SG的反对一定程度上有他

(30)      to national health insurance was partly        的原则，基于资本主义政

principled, arising from the premise that        府总是保护雇主的利益。

governments under capitalism invariably

      served employers’, not workers’, interests.

Gompers feared the probing of government     SG害怕官僚主义伸入工人

(35)    bureaucrats into workers’ lives, as well as     生活，由雇主资助的保险

the possibility that government-mandated      又可能让公司得到员工的

health insurance, financed in part by           体检报告，用来辞退伤残

employers, could permit companies to         工人。

     require employee medical examinations

(40)     that might be used to discharge disabled

workers. 1935年之前AFL的主要观点，反对政府医疗保障

     Yet the AFL’s voluntarism had accom-   但唯意志论容纳了某些例

modated certain exceptions:  the AFL had      外：AFL支持代表受伤工

supported government intervention on behalf     人和童工的政府干预。

(45)      of injured workers and child laborers.  AFL    但AFL和健康保险划清界

officials drew the line at national health          线，一部分是出于自身权

insurance, however, partly out of concern         力的考虑。

for their own power.  The fact that AFL         AALL等局外人担当主

outsiders such as the AALL had taken the        要角色惹怒了SG。

(50)      most prominent advocacy roles antagonized

Gompers.  That this reform threatened union-    这个改革危及SG支持的

sponsored benefit programs championed by       资助利益项目，让保险

Gompers made national health insurance         更讨厌。

even more objectionable.

(55)            Indeed, the AFL leadership did face      AFL的领导层的确面临

serious organizational divisions.  Many         严重分化。很多联盟成员

unionists, recognizing that union-run health      认识到联盟运作的健康项

programs covered only a small fraction of        目只面对一小部分成员，

union members and that unions represented       纷纷支持义务健康保险。

(60)      only a fraction of the nation’s workforce,

worked to enact compulsory health

insurance in their state legislatures.  This        最终在1935年AFL还是

activism and the views underlying it came to      支持了这一立法。

prevail in the United States labor movement

(65)      and in 1935 the AFL unequivocally reversed

its position on health legislationAFL最终倒戈支持政府医疗保证.

Q26:

Which of the following best describes the function of the sentence in lines 42-45 (“Yet … child laborers”)?

             

1. It elaborates a point about why the AFL advocated a voluntarist approach to health insurance.
   
2. It identifies issues on which the AFL took a view opposed to that of the AALL.
   
3. It introduces evidence that appears to be inconsistent with the voluntarist view held by AFL leaders.
   
   
   
4. It suggests that a view described in the previous sentence is based on faulty evidence.
   
5. It indicates why a contradiction described in the previous paragraph has been overlooked by historians
   

求教牛牛

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