有关加州中国移民的一些资料

yingyzhang

我网上搜到的一些资料，供大家参考哦

6、加州的中国移民（老机警题，本周出现2次，80行四题）。
老版本一：CALIFORNIA的中国移民，一段讲CALIFORNIA什么时候开始、为什么HIRE中国人，二、三段讲一法案对此ACTION的影响。有问二、三段的关系的；为什么HIRE中国人；中国人对CALIFORNIA的agriculture的功劳，关于RECLAIM等。我记得当中有一段说“从1860年起，随着加州农业的发展，人力资源严重短缺，因此farmer开始雇用immigrant，主要是中国移民。”有一题文，在加州1860年前，关于加州农业的人力情况那个是正确的。
老版本二：Para 1. Pre 1860, basically no chinese immigrants. 1870 therafter, large numbers of chinese immigrants. Their significant work included a levee along a stupid river. consequently enabling a large area of the river valley thrived as agricultural land.
Para 2. Enacting Chinese Exclusion Act in another year basically reduced Chinese immigration to none in most part of USA, so most people claimed. Author believes in a damned loacality, it was not so.
Para. Give example of the legacy and influence of the damned locality''''''''''''''''s Chinese: including introduction of contract labor, land tenancy.
Question 1. Which of the following is analogous to contract labor?
Choice: Secretary hired out by Temp agency (on contract)(butI believe the words ''''''''''''''''on contract''''''''''''''''were not specifically written)
Question2. What is the relationship of para 2 to 3?
Choice. in Para 2 author made a claim, and in para 3 he substiate with evidence
Qestion 3. What is the greatest caccomplishments of Chinese immigrants?
新版本：说早期加州缺少劳动力，中国移民填补了空白，出了很多力气，做了很大贡献。后来出台了移民法律，排挤中国移民，中国移民减少。只有**地方，仍有很多，而且开创了tenant farming,等等。

Background

Chinese immigrant workers building the Transcontinental Railroad.

Main article: Chinese immigration to the United States

Chinese came to America in large numbers during the 1849 California Gold Rush and in the 1860s when the Central Pacific Railroad recruited large labor gangs to build its portion of the Transcontinental Railroad. Large-scale immigration continued into the late 1800s, with 123,201 Chinese recorded as arriving between 1871 and 1880, and 61,711 arriving between 1881 and 1890.

At first, when surface gold was plentiful, the Chinese were well tolerated and well-received. As gold became scarcer and competition increased, animosity to the Chinese and other foreigners increased. Organized labor groups demanded that California's gold was only for Americans, and began to physically threaten foreigners' mines or gold diggings. Most, after being forcibly driven from the mines, settled in Chinese enclaves in cities, mainly San Francisco, and took up low end wage labor such as restaurant work and laundry. With the post Civil War economy in decline by the 1870s, anti-Chinese animosity became politicized by labor leader Dennis Kearney and his Workingman's Party^[1] as well as by Governor John Bigler, both of whom blamed Chinese "coolies" for depressed wage levels. Another significant anti-Chinese group organized in California during this same era was the Supreme Order of Caucasians with some 64 chapters statewide.

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                The Act

The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first significant restriction on free immigration in U.S. history.^[2] The Act excluded Chinese "skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining" from entering the country for ten years under penalty of imprisonment and deportation.^[2][3] The few Chinese non-laborers who wished to immigrate had to obtain certification from the Chinese government that they were qualified to immigrate, which tended to be difficult to prove.^[3]

The Act also affected Chinese who were already in the United States. Any Chinese who left the United States had to obtain certifications for reentry, and the Act made Chinese immigrants permanent aliens by excluding them from U.S. citizenship.^[3][2] After the Act's passage, Chinese men in the U.S. had little chance of ever reuniting with their wives, or of starting families in their new home.^[2]

Amendments made in 1884 tightened the provisions that allowed previous immigrants to leave and return, and clarified that the law applied to ethnic Chinese regardless of their country of origin. The Act was renewed for ten years by the 1892 Geary Act, and again with no terminal date in 1902.^[3] The Act's 1902 extension also required "each Chinese resident to register and obtain a certificate of residence. Without a certificate, she or he faced deportation."^[3]

One of the main critics of the Chinese Exclusion Act was Republican Senator George Frisbie Hoar of Massachusetts who described the Act as "nothing less than the legalization of racial discrimination."^[4]

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                Effects and aftermath

aperson.jpg">aperson.jpg" alt="Certificate of identity issued to Yee Wee Thing certifying that he is the son of a US citizen, issued Nov. 21, 1916. This is necessary for his immigration from China to the United States." type="#_x0000_t75" style="WIDTH: 135pt; HEIGHT: 193.5pt;">

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Certificate of identity issued to Yee Wee Thing certifying that he is the son of a US citizen, issued Nov. 21, 1916. This is necessary for his immigration from China to the United States.

For all practical purposes, the Exclusion Act, along with the restrictions that followed it, froze the Chinese community in place in 1882, and prevented it from growing and assimilating into U.S. society as European immigrant groups did.^[2] However, limited immigration from China did still occur until the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1943. From 1910 to 1940, the Angel Island Immigration Station on what is now Angel Island State Park in San Francisco Bay served as the processing center for most of the 56,113 Chinese immigrants who are recorded as immigrating or returning from China; upwards of 30% more who showed up were returned to China. Furthermore, after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, which destroyed City Hall and the Hall of Records, many immigrants (known as "paper sons") falsely claimed familial ties to resident Chinese-American citizens which could not be disproved.

Later, the Immigration Act of 1924 would restrict immigration even further, excluding all classes of Chinese immigrants and extending restrictions to other Asian immigrant groups.^[2] Until these restrictions were relaxed in the middle of the twentieth century, Chinese immigrants were forced to live a life apart, and to build a society in which they could survive on their own.^[2]

The passing of the Exclusion Act paved the way for other racial restrictions to pass as laws in the United States.^{[citation needed]}

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                Repeal and current status

The Chinese Exclusion Act was repealed by the 1943 Magnuson Act, allowing a national quota of 105 Chinese immigrants per year, although large scale Chinese immigration did not occur until the passage of the Immigration Act of 1965.

Even today, although all its constituent sections have long been repealed, Chapter 7 of Title 8 of the United States Code is headed, "Exclusion of Chinese."^[5] It is the only chapter of the 15 chapters in Title 8 (Aliens and Nationality) that is completely focused on a specific nationality or ethnic group.

The Chinese Exclusion Act was approved on May 6, 1882. It was the first significant law restricting immigration into the United States.

In the spring of 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress and signed by President Chester A. Arthur. This act provided an absolute 10-year moratorium on Chinese labor immigration. For the first time, Federal law proscribed entry of an ethnic working group on the premise that it endangered the good order of certain localities.

The Chinese Exclusion Act required the few nonlaborers who sought entry to obtain certification from the Chinese government that they were qualified to immigrate. But this group found it increasingly difficult to prove that they were not laborers because the 1882 act defined excludables as “skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining.” Thus very few Chinese could enter the country under the 1882 law.

The 1882 exclusion act also placed new requirements on Chinese who had already entered the country. If they left the United States, they had to obtain certifications to re-enter. Congress, moreover, refused State and Federal courts the right to grant citizenship to Chinese resident aliens, although these courts could still deport them.

When the exclusion act expired in 1892, Congress extended it for 10 years in the form of the Geary Act. This extension, made permanent in 1902, added restrictions by requiring each Chinese resident to register and obtain a certificate of residence. Without a certificate, she or he faced deportation.

The Geary Act regulated Chinese immigration until the 1920s. With increased postwar immigration, Congress adopted new means for regulation: quotas and requirements pertaining to national origin. By this time, anti-Chinese agitation had quieted. In 1943 Congress repealed all the exclusion acts, leaving a yearly limit of 105 Chinese and gave foreign-born Chinese the right to seek naturalization. The so-called national origin system, with various modifications, lasted until Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1965. Effective July 1, 1968, a limit of 170,000 immigrants from outside the Western Hemisphere could enter the United States, with a maximum of 20,000 from any one country. Skill and the need for political asylum determined admission. The Immigration Act of 1990 provided the most comprehensive change in legal immigration since 1965. The act established a “flexible” worldwide cap on family-based, employment-based, and diversity immigrant visas. The act further provides that visas for any single foreign state in these categories may not exceed 7 percent of the total available.

For more information on Chinese Immigration and the Chinese in the United States, visit the National Archives web site.

(Information excerpted from Teaching With Documents: Using Primary Sources From the National Archives. [Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration, 1989.] pp. 82-85.)