看有人求第一遍总结的方法，战战兢兢把自己做的总结发上来，希望大家来看看

yaoshuming

很久以前做了第一篇阅读，被打击惨了，之后很久没做，昨天做了第二篇GMAT阅读，今天作了第三篇和第四篇，可能文章变得简单了，所以看着好像也没那么头痛了，一开心就把自己做的很雏形的整理发上来，这个是我昨天看完前辈mumuwa的惊天大作以后的结果，可能很烂，希望大家能给我建议和意见，能让我在今后的阅读整理当中能够更好，谢谢！！！！！

黄皮OG第一篇 关于生物--讲述特定事物并与相似事物对比（我想在以后作总结的时候可能会按照这两个方面来把文章进行分类）

Until recently, scientists did not know of a close vertebrate analogue to the extreme form of altruism observed in eusocial insects like ants and bees, whereby individuals cooperate, sometimes even sacrificing their own opportunities to survive and reproduce, for the good of others.（这部分主要解释ants and bees，可以略看）
   However, such a vertebrate society may exist among underground colonies of the highly social rodent Heterocephalus
     glaber, the naked mole rat.(画红线部分是中心句，介绍了本篇文章讲的内容)

A naked mole rat colony, like a beehive, wasp’s nest, or termite mound, is ruled by its queen, or reproducing female. Other adult female mole rats neither ovulate nor breed. The queen is the largest member of the colony, and she maintains her breeding status through a mixture of behavioral and,
    presumably, chemical control. Queens have been long-lived in captivity, and when they die or are removed from a colony one sees violent fighting for breeding status among the larger remaining females, leading to a takeover by a new queen.（第4题的答案，画黑线处是答案要点，其他部分是第4题的其他选项）

Eusocial insect societies have rigid caste systems, each insect’s role being defined by its behavior, body shape, and physiology. In naked mole rat societies, on the other hand, differences in behavior are related primarily to reproductive status (reproduction being limited to the queen and a few males), body size, and perhaps age.（第3题的答案，答案并未在文章中给出，需要对比总结） Smaller non-breeding members, both male and female, seem to participate primarily in gathering food, transporting nest material, and tunneling. Larger nonbreeders are active in defending the colony and perhaps in removing dirt from the tunnels. Jarvis’ work（第2题的定位） has suggested that differences in growth rates may influence the length of time that an individual performs a task, regardless of its age（第2题答案，画黑线处是答案要点）.

Cooperative breeding has evolved many times in vertebrates, but unlike naked mole rats, most cooperatively breeding vertebrates (except the wild dog, Lycaon pictus)（第5题定位） are dominated by a pair of breeders rather than by a single breeding female.（第5题答案，画黑线处是答案要点） The division of labor within social groups is less pronounced among other vertebrates than among naked mole rats, colony size is much smaller, and mating by subordinate females may not be totally suppressed, whereas in naked mole rat colonies subordinate females are not sexually active, and many never breed.

 

 

1.   Which of the following most accurately states the main idea of the passage?

(A) Naked mole rat colonies are the only known examples of cooperatively breeding vertebrate societies.

(B) Naked mole rat colonies exhibit social organization based on a rigid caste system.

(C) Behavior in naked mole rat colonies may well be a close vertebrate analogue to behavior in eusocial insect societies.

(D) The mating habits of naked mole rats differ from those of any other vertebrate species.

(E) The basis for the division of labor among naked mole rats is the same as that among eusocial insects.

选C,主题句提出

2.   The passage suggests that Jarvis’ work has called into question which of the following explanatory variables for naked mole rat behavior?

(A) Size

(B) Age

(C) Reproductive status

(D) Rate of growth

(E) Previously exhibited behavior

Call into的具体意思我也不确定，但是是与weaken同义（做逻辑时碰到过），与regardless of呼应。选B

3.   It can be inferred from the passage that the performance of tasks in naked mole rat colonies differs from task performance in eusocial insect societies in which of the following ways?

(A) In naked mole rat colonies, all tasks ate performed cooperatively.

(B) In naked mole rat colonies, the performance of tasks is less rigidly determined by body shape.

(C) In naked mole rat colonies, breeding is limited to the largest animals.

(D) In eusocial insect societies, reproduction is limited to a single female.

(E) In eusocial insect societies, the distribution of tasks is based on body size.

通过对role 分配的指标对比，看得出来选B是正确的。

4.   According to the passage, which of the following is a supposition rather than a fact concerning the queen in a naked mole rat colony?

(A) She is the largest member of the colony.

(B) She exerts chemical control over the colony.

(C) She mates with more than one male.

(D) She attains her status through aggression.

(E) She is the only breeding female.

Supposition与原文的presumably相呼应，B是正确答案

5.   The passage supports which of the following inferences about breeding among Lycaon pictus?

(A) The largest female in the social group does not maintain reproductive status by means of behavioral control.

(B) An individual’s ability to breed is related primarily to its rate of growth.

(C) Breeding is the only task performed by the breeding female.

(D) Breeding in the social group is not cooperative.

(E) Breeding is not dominated by a single pair of dogs.

原文说most cooperatively breeding vertebrates (except the wild dog, Lycaon pictus) are dominated by a pair of breeders，也就是说，the wild dog, Lycaon pictus，one kind of
   breeding vertebrates ,is not dominated by a pair of breeders。选项E正确。

6.   According to the passage, naked mole rat colonies may differ from all other known vertebrate groups in which of the following ways?

(A) Naked mole rats exhibit an extreme form of altruism.

(B) Naked mole rats are cooperative breeders.

(C) Among naked mole rats, many males are permitted to breed with a single dominant female.

(D) Among naked mole rats, different tasks are performed at different times in an individual’s life.

(E) Among naked mole rats, fighting results in the selection of a breeding female.

从主题句中可以提炼出来，such a vertebrate society may exist among underground colonies of the highly social rodent Heterocephalus
   glaber, the naked mole rat，而such a vertebrate society指代extreme form of altruism observed in eusocial insects like ants and bees。选项A正确。

7.   One function of the third paragraph of the passage is to

(A) state a conclusion about facts presented in an earlier paragraph

(B) introduce information that is contradicted by information in the fourth paragraph

(C) qualify the extent to which two previously mentioned groups might be similar

(D) show the chain of reasoning that led to the conclusions of a specific study

(E) demonstrate that of three explanatory factors offered, two may be of equal significance

第三段是将eusocial insect societies和naked mole rat societies进行比较，并且相比之下更详细地介绍了一下naked mole rat societies。看几个选项里面，C选项中有几个比较关键的提示词，所以C是正确的。

大概就是这些了，自己做完了都不敢贴出来了，不过怎么说也是努力了的，所以希望大家也能帮我看看，在整理的时候，还有什么是需要加上的，还有上面的整理哪里是没有必要的？？谢谢！！！！！！

[此贴子已经被作者于2006-9-22 20:53:50编辑过]

yaoshuming

主要是偷懒就没有做逻辑图之类的东西，我是在书上做的，好吧，明天再丰富一点内容

yaoshuming

竟然加精了，看来这两天要丰富一下帖子了