OG阅读第27篇166题，第35篇218题

Passage 27

Until recently, scientists did not know of a close verte-

brate analogue to the extreme form of altruism abserved in

eusocial insects like ants and bees, whereby individuals

cooperate, sometimes even sacrificing their own oppor-

( 5) tunities to survive and reproduce, for the good of others.

However, such a vertebrate society may exist among under-

ground colonies of the highly social rodent Heterocephalus

glaber, the naked mole rat.

A naked mole rat colony, like a beehive, wasp’s nest, or

(10) termite mound, is ruled by its queen, or reproducing

female. Other adult female mole rats neither ovulate nor

breed. The queen of the largest member of the colony, and

she maintains her breeding status through a mixture of

behavioral and, presumably, chemical control. Queens have

(15) been long-lived in captivity, and when they die or are

removed from a colony one sees violent fighting for breed-

ing status among the larger remaining females, leading to a

takeover by a new queen.

Eusocial insect societies have rigid caste systems, each

(20)insects’s role being defined by its behavior,body shape, and

physiology. In naked mole rat societies, on the other hand,

differences in behavior are related primarily to reproductive

status (reproduction being limited to the queen and a few

males), body size, and perhaps age. Smaller nonbreeding

(25) members, both male and female, seem to participate pri-

marily in gathering food, transporting nest material, and

tunneling. Larger nonreaders are active in defending the

colony and perhaps in removing dirt from the tunnels.

Jarvis’ work has suggested that differences in growth rates

(30)may influence the length of time that an individual performs

a task, regardless of its age.

Cooperative breeding has evolved many times in verte-

brates, but unlike naked mole rats, most cooperatively

breeding vertebrates (except the wild dog, Lycaon pictus)

(35) are dominated by a pair of breeders rather than by a single

breeding female. The division of labor within social groups

is less pronounced among other vertebrates than among

naked mole rats, colony size is much smaller, and mating

by subordinate females may not be totally suppressed,

(40) whereas in naked mole rat colonies subordinate females are

not sexually active, and many never breed.

166. One function of the third paragraph of the passage is to

(A) state a conclusion about facts presented in an earlier paragraph

(B) introduce information that is contradicted by information in the fourth paragraph

(C) qualify the extent to which two previously mentioned groups might be similar

(D) show the chain of reasoning that led to the conclusions of a specific study

(E) demonstrate that, of three explanatory factors offered, two may be of equal significance

D选项为什么不对呢，第三段是为了支持第一段这个主题啊？

Passage 35

Two divergent definitions have dominated sociologists’

discussions of the nature of ethnicity. The first emphasizes

the primordial and unchanging character of ethnicity. In

this view, people have an essential need for belonging that

(5) is satisfied by membership in groups based on shared

ancestry and culture. A different conception of ethnicity

de-emphasizes the cultural component and defines ethnic

groups as interest groups. In this view, ethnicity serves as

a way of mobilizing a certain population behind issues

(10) relating to its economic position. While both of these

definitions are useful, neither fully captures the dynamic

and changing aspects of ethnicity in the United States.

Rather, ethnicity is more satisfactorily conceived of as a

process in which preexisting communal bonds and common

(15) cultural attributes are adapted for instrumental purposes

according to changing real-life situations.

One example of this process is the rise of participation

by Native American people in the broader United States

political system since the Civil Rights movement of the

(20)1960’s. Besides leading Native Americans to participate

more actively in politics (the number of Native American

legislative officeholders more than doubled), this movement

also evoked increased interest in tribal history and traditional

culture. Cultural and instrumental components of

(25 )ethnicity are not mutually exclusive, but rather reinforce

one another.

The Civil Rights movement also brought changes in the

uses to which ethnicity was put by Mexican American

people. In the 1960’s, Mexican Americans formed

(30) community-based political groups that emphasized ancestral

heritage as a way of mobilizing constituents. Such emerg-

ing issues as immigration and voting rights gave Mexican

American advocacy groups the means by which to promote

ethnic solidarity. Like European ethnic groups in the

(35) nineteenth-century United States, late-twentieth-century

Mexican American leaders combined ethnic with contem-

porary civic symbols. In 1968 Henry Censors, then mayor

of San Antonio, Texas, cited Mexican leader Benito Juarez

as a model for Mexican Americans in their fight for con-

(40) temporary civil rights. And every year, Mexican Americans

celebrate Cinco de Mayo as fervently as many Irish

American people embrace St. Patrick’s Day (both are major

holidays in the countries of origin), with both holidays

having been reinvented in the context of the United States

and linked to ideals, symbols, and heroes of the United

States

218. Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?

(A) In their definitions of the nature of ethnicity, sociologists have underestimated the power

of the primordial human need to belong.

(B) Ethnicity is best defined as a dynamic process that combines cultural components with

shared political and economic interests.

(C) In the United States in the twentieth century, ethnic groups have begun to organize in

order to further their political and economic interests.

(D) Ethnicity in the United States has been significantly changed by the Civil Rights

movement.

(E) The two definitions of ethnicity that have dominated sociologists discussions are

incompatible and should be replaced by an entirely new approach.

B选项中的economic interests 是从哪里体现的呢，我怎么找不到呢，谢谢！

怎么没人回啊？版主，你该站出来了吧

对不起,要回答你的问题,我也首先要先再研究一下OG的解释,

可惜我出差在外,手头没有OG.

而我建议你可以先把OG对此二题的解释一句一句再研究一下,这样或许你会有新的疑问,我争取过两天将我的理解也整理一下,咱们互相交流学习一下.好吗?

lj_hq ，不好意思，

这两天我需要投入些时间整理JJ，可能没空回复你的问题，但我在此阅读区下对71和267号题进行了一些分析。思路与你的问题应一致，请参照。我希望你能够把自己上述两个问题再研究研究并把有关考虑帖出来，这样我也可以知道如何改进我的分析工作了。

对不住，没有解决你的问题，还给你留了家庭作业，当然，如果你比较忙，就算了。

我才做完166。刚看你的解释，觉得也对。但仔细一想，如果D 对。 那么文章的第二，四段也可以用它来解释，也就是说D 放之四海皆准。因为总分套路后，所有的分论点都支持第一段总论点呵。文章第一段是总论，第二段是说两者相同之处，第三段说两者区别。第四段是延伸内容。所以说C 对，它指出了第三段的特别之处在于—限制前面说的两类群体的相似处。不知这样是否回答了你的疑问。

楼主，对不起，有负期望，在此请罪。

现把166这道题目完整地分析一下作为补救。：）请看看ETS在此题答案解释中的几句话，尤其是第5句，希望能够解答你的疑问：

166.

1、 The best answer is C.

这句没什么，除了best/correct是否有区别尚需进一步确认。

2、 The third paragraph provide information contrasting naked mole rat societies with eusocial insect societies, whereas earlier in the passage, similarities between the two kinds of societies have been emphasized.

这说明了第三段和前面第二段的中心内容。三段重相异处，二段重相似处。如果不是ETS指出，我还没发现，原来如此。这说明了段落间的对比关系。

3、 Choice A is not correct: the author of the passage presents factual information rather than drawing a conclusion in the third paragraph.

这说明三段是摆事实，而非得出结论。我们会发现，本段确实是在进行事实性的论述。

4、 Because the fourth paragraph presents information about breeding among other vertebrate groups, it does not contradict information in the third paragraph, so B is not correct.

说明第三段没有与第四段矛盾。这要求我们把握各段的中心内容。

5、 Choice D is incorrect because the mention of Jarvis’ work serves to provide new information.

选项中的a specific study是指哪个study呢，看遍文章，发现也就Jarvis’ work这个study了。再看看第三段最后一句：Jarvis’ work has suggested that differences in growth rates may influence the length of time that an individual performs a task, regardless of its age.我们发现这句话确实不能概括第三段的中心内容。因此，提及这个研究应该只是进一步摆事实，而不是引导出这一段的结论。所以要分辨句子作用啊。

6、 Choice E is incorrect because no explanatory factors are discussed in the third paragraph

E确实说得离谱，文中确实无explanatory factors出现，不过，我还不太理解什么是explanatory factors。和文中列出的行为差异的几个影响因素肯定不是一个概念。哪位知道，也请通告一下。谢谢。

请指正。

对218这道题目，也看看ETS在此题答案解释中的几句话，其中第3句涉及楼主的疑问：

218.

1、 This question asks you to identify the statement that best expresses the main idea of the passage

点明此题为主题题型。大家注意一下即可。

2、 The best answer is B.

这句没什么，除了best/correct是否有区别尚需进一步确认。

3、 The passage defines ethnicity and provides examples to illustrate how ethnicity is a “process” that combines cultural concerns with the “shared political and economic interests” mentioned in choice B.

这句指出了文章的主题。而“shared political and economic interests”在下面两句话中有所体现：A different conception of ethnicity de-emphasizes the cultural component and defines ethnic groups as interest groups. In this view, ethnicity serves as a way of mobilizing a certain population behind issues relating to its economic position.文章后面进一步提及的instrumental purposes、instrumental components、community-based political groups也反映了shared political and economic interests这一含义。当然，文章的cultural concerns方面在文章各部分也有不同的所指，在此不一一列出了。如果我们在考试时能够确认它们间互相所指的联系，文章就更容易看懂了，而且文章前后的关系就显得更紧密了。一般来讲，文章就是依靠一些内在的联系组织在一起的。

4、 Choice A can be eliminated because the “primorodial” character of ethnicity mentioned in the passage.

选项A与文中内容相反。

5、 Choices C and D can be eliminated because ethnic groups’ efforts to further their political and economic interests and changes brought about by the Civil Rights movement are merely used by the author as evidence supporting the main idea.

选项C、D的内容用作例证中心内容的，不能构成主题内容。

6、 Choice E is not correct because although the passage suggests a new conception of ethnicity, there is no indication that the other definitions discussed are incompatible with each other.

虽然有关于民族的新概念，但文中没有说到其他Two divergent definitions就是incompatible with each other。我们看看文中是如何评价这些定义和概念的。 While both of these definitions are useful, neither fully captures the dynamic and changing aspects of ethnicity in the United States.这句评价了两个定义。ethnicity is more satisfactorily conceived of as a process……这里评价了新的概念。确实没有提及incompatible的问题。

P27:

in the answer D: a specific study is Jarvis’ work but not 第一段这个主题.

P28:

In this view, ethnicity serves as

a way of mobilizing a certain population behind issues

(10) relating to its economic position.