请教几道语法题 明天要考啊

fangying0823

1. OG 13th P686 Q77
我选1972 agreement between Canada and the United States reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities had been allowed to dump into the Great Lakes.
正确答案是 1972 agreement between Canada and the United States reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities are allowed to dump.

实在不理解为什么不用过去分词， 我是觉得以前phosphates可以dump的amount已经不一样啦 （发生在agreement以前啊） OG后面的解释无法理解

2. OG 13TH P680 Q50
According to some analysts, the gains in the stock market reflect growing confidence......
答案that the economy will avoid the recession that many had feared earlier in the year and instead come in for a soft landing.....

同样不理解为什么用过去分词。。。

3. appear as 后面是不是只能加名词？？

多谢各位大神指点！

brfmzbjz

1. 这题非常有意思
要注意  the municipalities had been allowed to dump 是放在一个从句里修饰 1972 agreement reduced 的amount
也就是说 A 要 reduced的是历史里已经发生的东西 这个不符合逻辑
是因为
你没办法回到过去(也就是1972 areement之前），去改变历史里 the municipalities 被允许丢弃的量。

对于中文来说 是听不出区别的 因为翻译过来都是“减少1972之前那个被允许的量”
但是在英文里 这两个意思有巨大的区别 因为你要减少的 是一个新的量 而不是在历史上涂涂改改
一个是 1972 agreement reduced the amount that had already been decided in the history = illogical, 涂改历史
一个是 1972 agreement reduced the amount that were allowed after the agreement = make sense, 1972的agreement 只能改变这个agreement发生之后的事情

相反，如果是两个明确有时间顺序的动作的话，是可以用past perfect的，例如：
A 1972 agreement between Canada and the United States fined the Canadians for the amount of phosphate that municipalities had dumped into the Great Lakes.

had dumped 在前，fined在后

参考以下两个manhattan的帖子
http://www.manhattangmat.com/forums/og-sc-62-t580.html
http://www.manhattangmat.com/forums/a-1972-agreement-between-canada-and-the-united-states-t3815.html

2.要直接选出正确答案不容易 那个had feared 确实很可疑
但是！
a) 其他答案看下来漏洞太多
b) the past perfect还是可以解释的：
虽然句子里没有明确的一个过去式动作，让had feared 发生在该动作之前
但是句子有暗示的意思，可以改写为：
Analysts said that the economy will avoid the recession that many had feared earlier in the year.
had feared 发生在 analyst 说这个观点之前

http://www.manhattangmat.com/forums/post207.html
It is clear by the "earlier in the year" that the fears occurred earlier than the analysts opinion.

3.appear的习语用法：
RIGHT：
Imperfactions appear as tiny cracks（=show up as）
He appears confused.（=seems）
The dinosaurs appear to have been relatively smart.
It appears THAT the dinosaurs were smart.
WRONG: He APPEARS AS confused./ The dinosaurs APPEARED AS smart.

考试加油~考前不要太纠结了 看看错题总结看看寂静就好~
GOOD LUCK！

fangying0823

太感谢了！！虽然第一题的逻辑真心有点难懂啊！！