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文章总模板
(1)In this XXX (argument), the author concludes that 结论主张目标, citing the fact/reason that前提事实原因一. What’s more, the author points out that 前提事实原因二. While this argument seems reasonable, it is nevertheless unacceptable to embrace the credibility of this argument after careful scrutiny.
(2)In the first place, it is mentioned that …… The author unfairly assumes that ……
Therefore, it is highly doubtful that ……
(3)In the second place, stated in this argument is a fact that…… The author's conclusion relies on the gratuitous assumption that ……
Therefore, in face of such limited evidence, the conclusion turns out to be less well backed.
(4)Last but not the least, the author tells us the conclusion that…… He or she might have been attempting to mislead us into believing that …...
Therefore, with no regard to …… (all of these and other possibilities/differences/a thorough cost-benefit analysis), it is fallacious to draw the conclusion at all.
(5)After analyzing the reasoning line and the use of evidence in this argument, it requires more improvement in several aspects. Instead of simply relying on the evidence given so far, the author ought to provide credible evidence about , eliminate other factors that may result in , or take into account other issues discussed above.
调查问题
In the first place, one possible problem in this argument involves the survey itself. As we all know, the smaller the sample size is, the less reliable the result of the survey is. So, if the number of the participants in the survey is too small, it will be highly doubtful whether the conclusion is credible. In addition, the author provides no evidence to ensure that those who responded to the survey are representative of the whole group. Those who were more interested in XX might be more likely to respond to the questionnaire. Due to the lack of randomness and representativeness in the survey sample, the statistical reliability of the survey will be really dubious.
内容补充
(1)assume/assumption that + (2)However+
1) 他因
(1) B is determined solely by A. While A is a seemingly important element in determining B, it is hardly the only or even necessarily required one. (2) The author omits the possibility of other alternative facts that …… It is entirely possible that .... It is equally possible that .... Moreover, perhaps ....
2) 他果
(1) A will solely result in B. While B is a seemingly possible result of A, it is hardly the only one. (2) The author omits the possibility of other alternative facts that …… It is entirely possible that .... It is equally possible that .... Moreover, perhaps ....
3) 错误类比
(1) A is analogous to B in all aspects. (2) It is clear that the author fails to take into account the possible differences between these two ……
4) 时地全等
(1) X would remain unchanged over/since…(or at different locations) (2) The fact that happened (n years ago) is not a sound evidence to draw a conclusion that …… In addition, it is possible that this trend will fluctuate or even reverse in the future.
5) 时序因果/无因果
(1)B is due to A, just because B happened after A. (2) There is no sufficient evidence to bolster the assumption that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between A and B.
6) 二者择一
(1) A and B are mutually exclusive alternatives. (2) Common sense and observation tell us that combining both A and B might achieve better effects.
7) 成本收益
(1) the (construction) of XXX will solely bring some benefit such as …… (2) This assumption fails to take into account the increase in cost and inefficiency that could result from XXX
“a thorough cost-benefit analysis”
假设错误
assume 现写 However + ……
(1)There is no sufficient evidence to bolster the assumption that ……
(2)There is, however, no guarantee that this is true, nor does the author provide any evidence to substantiate this assumption.
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