求解og13,sc67题，谢谢各位

fsi004745

The 32 species  that make up the dolphin family are closely related to whales and in fact include the animal known as the killer whale,which can grow to be 30 feet long and is famous for its aggressive hunting pods.
A......
C.include the animal known as the killer whale,growing up to 30 feet long and being
主要是这两个选项了。答案说A呢，which指代清楚，就是whale；而C呢，growing指代不清楚，可能是32 species。我对这个不太理解，我认为which才有可能说32 species啊，growing这种modifier不是修饰的最近的名词么。
还有是A里grow to be感觉有点wordy那种，C的being又是很好的平行。

fsi004745

发出来原句看不出加粗呢，从include到is是原文的划线句

fsi004745

wo  ca    ca     ca, zi ding

吴下锕蒙

which/that引导的定语从句，一般情况下是指代前面紧邻的名词；

而[....,-ing]，一般不是修饰前面紧邻名词，一般是做结果状语(逻辑主语等于前句)或伴随状语(逻辑主语是前句主语)


例句在这里我就不列举了

OG13, Prep08, prep07, 白勇语法
大概1000个句子，如果你都做一遍，会发现至少有100个题涉及到 [...., which...]与[..., -ing...]抉择，若逗号后面的句子是要修饰逗号前面紧邻的名词，从来都是选定语从句。没有例外。

fsi004745

吴下锕蒙 发表于 2013-11-17 09:17
which/that引导的定语从句，一般情况下是指代前面紧邻的名词；

而[....,-ing]，一般不是修饰前面紧邻名词 ...

感谢感谢，我的理解有问题，听你一说明白了点，我以后会注意的，在体会下。

吴下锕蒙

我来简单的总结一下-ing
-ing分两大类：动名词和现在分词，后者考点较多；

先看动名词：，动名词是做名词使用，不能修饰其他词，如下面两个例句，动名词做主语，蓝色的是谓语动词：
  OG-PQ-85:According to a recent poll, owingand living in a freestanding house on its own land   is still a goal of amajority of young adults, as it  was of earlier generations.

·        OG-PQ-100:Being  heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that has worked well inthe past, is likely to make anexecutive miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they doappear.

现在分词是GMAT重点
现在分词有三种情况：
1.   动词——用在现在进行时态    如 I am writing.    这种情况考点较少；
2.   形容词——修饰名词结构，放在名词后面时不加逗号；放在句子前面修饰主语加逗号
       形容词有两种情况：
        （1）在句首，如     这种情况digging一定要与逗号后面的scientists对应，这是GMAT重要考点；
            OG-PQ-65:Digging in sediments in northern China, scientists have gathered evidence suggesting that complex life-forms emerged muchearlier than previously thought.
        （2） 在句中，前面没有逗号，修饰紧邻名词，如
          OG-DT-43espite the increasing number of women graduating fromlaw school and passing bar examinations, the proportion of judges andpartners at major law firms who are             women has not risen comparably.

3.    副词——要加逗号与主句隔开，要看逻辑含义！
      有两种情况   ，这两种情况一般都不是修饰前面紧邻名词 (也就是你提问的这句的情况)
       A) 逻辑主语=句子主语，为伴随状语，对主句进一步解释；必须与主句动作同时发生，不能有时间断层。如果句意上有时间断层，一般改为定语从句；(M12章)

       B) 逻辑主语=主句全句，为结果状语(可以有时间上的断层)，可以在分词前面加thus，thereby，ineffect等；

下面这些句子，你看一下，哪些是伴随，哪些是结果

        OG-DT-45: In 1923, the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional a minimum wage for women and children in the District of Columbia, ruling that it was a form of price-fixing and, as such, an abridgment of the right of contract.

·         OG-DT-49: As an actress and, more importantly, as a teacher of acting, Stella Adler was one of the most influential artists in the American theater, training several generations of actors whose ranks included Marlon Brando and Robert De Niro.

·         OG-PQ-26: Tropical bats play important roles in the rain forest ecosystem, aiding in the dispersal of cashew, date, and fig seeds; pollinating banana, breadfruit, and mango trees; and indirectly helping to produce tequila by pollinating agave plants.

·         OG-PQ-48:  Though called a sea, the landlocked Caspian is actually the largest lake on Earth, covering more than four times the surface area of its closest rival in size, North America’s Lake Superior.

·         OG12-PQ-94: The recent surge in the number of airplane flights has clogged the nation’s air-traffic control system, leading to a 55 percent increase in delays at airports and prompting fears among some officials that safety is being compromised.

Ø  看似有时间断层，但这里不是伴随动作，而是表结果

·         BaiY11-3: In cold-water habitats, certain invertebrates and fish convert starches into complex carbohydrates called glycerols, in effect manufacturing their own antifreeze.

吴下锕蒙

我平时做题时把重要知识点都整理到一个word里面了，-ing的知识点是很重要但也是最基础的。而且这部分理论较成熟，掌握之后，很少会遇见例外。

我上面说的是从我的笔记中复制了一些，但不全，因为还一些知识点涉及到定语从句、独立主格、句子的逻辑等。

其他-ing的知识点你要在不断做题过程中多比较，多总结

加油！！

滴答哈哈

感谢分享！               

lorinlee

which相对ving，个人的感觉是修饰的“距离”较短。用which第一反应就是指代较近的名词，如果语法上不对再往前找。ving也是可以修饰较近的名词，但也可以作伴随状语修饰整个句子表结果，也可以修饰整个句子的主语。不是说ving一定有问题，只是这种用法会让人有更多种想法，相对which没那么直接清楚。
总结一下，如果该题的目标是要修饰较近的名词，which比ving好。不是ving一定有问题，个人觉得如果没有which的选项，ving就不能随便排除。

可乐汁子

感谢分享！