[新人求助]过去完成时的一个疑问

derekd0331

OG13.1

1. In a review of 2,000 studies of human behavior that date back to the 1940s, two Swisspsychologists, declaring that since most of the studies had failed to control for such variables as social class and family size, none could be taken seriously.

　　(A) psychologists, declaring that since most of the studies had failed to control for such variables as social class and family size,

　　(B) psychologists, declaring that most of the studies failed in not controlling for such variables like social class and family size, and

　　(C) psychologists declared that since most of the studies, having failed to control for such variables as social class and family size,

　　(D) psychologists declared that since most of the studies fail in controlling for such variables like social class and family size,

　　(E) psychologists declared that since most of the studies had failed to control for variables such as social class and family size,

我的疑惑是：OG解释提到了tense sequence.delclared是过去时，所以应该用had failed表达过去的过去. 在同样在manhattan chapter 7中的知识点提到，page109:perfct tensenly when necessary ：Joe learned about an epoch in which dinosaures had walked the earth. 虽然这里walked在learn之后，是过去的过去，但解释说：the earlier action does not have a direct bearing on the context of the later action. 那么在这道OG题里，declare 跟 fail有关联吗？为何要用had failed而不能用failed?什么情况下才是does not have a direct bearing on the context? 谢谢大家

lhz910216

个人意见：
过去完成时，过去的过去，在用的时候肯定要有与一个过去的时间点对比，从而强调时间上发生的先后
manhattan中Joe learned about an epoch in which dinosaures had walked the earth
walk和learn的确没有关系，因为与walk对比的过去动作是die out,应该是说在灭绝之前had walked，而灭绝这次没有出现在context 中，所以与context没有直接关联
而OG这道题就是截止到declare之前，发生的fail，所以两者是有关联的~~
完成时的用法一定能够是存在一个时点做对比的，就看这个时点是不是在context 中出现了

derekd0331

lhz910216 发表于 2013-8-3 15:40
个人意见：
过去完成时，过去的过去，在用的时候肯定要有与一个过去的时间点对比，从而强调时间上发生的先 ...

谢谢你的解答，太感谢了：）