名词化

enkyklios

Unite general secretary Len McCluskey has denounced a Labour internal inquiry into candidate selection in Falkirk as a "stitch-up"
The Evironmental Protection Agency's proposal to place restrictions on both diesel fule and diesel engines has sparked a counterattack by the oil industry, saying that the move will exacerbate the nation's fuel supply problems.
He chastised the team for their lack of commitment.        他指责队伍未竭尽全力。

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it是只带substance，it所在的位置是个插入语 which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it，你看这个句子还能指代什么其他名词吗？elements是复数肯定不能指代，那么只有substance啦，这样的情况我个人觉得完全可以指代的，因为不会产生歧义哈

adamzjw

代词不能指代介词短语里面的成分，这个说法我听过不少，但一直没在MANH上找到相关的说明。

the technique of institutions 这里 institution 也算是在介词后面吧？但这种情况我们还是可以用 they 来指代它。

MANH的例句证实了这一点：The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determine how much THEY may have been improperly awarded.

所以我怀疑介词短语中的每次不能被指代会不会是一个伪规则？

enkyklios

adamzjw 发表于 2013-6-9 14:04
代词不能指代介词短语里面的成分，这个说法我听过不少，但一直没在MANH上找到相关的说明。

the technique  ...

谢谢啦！代词指代好困难

introducing a particular example of a class respecting which something is predicated.

adamzjw

enkyklios 发表于 2013-6-9 15:16
谢谢啦！代词指代好困难

代词指代好像只有几种情况是可以作为splits的：
1）代词的属性不能指代该先行词，好像复数啊、性别
2）重复使用的代词指代了不同的词

其他的情况好像都很难区分呢。

关于介词的问题看看有没有有心人来总结总结。

enkyklios

With a n. or pronoun whose case depends on its own clause.



Congress is debating a bill requiring certain employers  to provide workers with unpaid leave so that they can so as to care for sick or newborn children.


Soaring television costs accounted for more than half the spending in the presidential campaign of 1992, a greater proportion than it was in any previous election.

A. a greater proportion than it was

B. a greater proportion than

C. a greater proportion than they have been

D. which is greater than was so

E. which is greater than it has been
prep对A的解释是，it指代的是a great proportion或the spending,都继承了a great proportion 或 the spending 发生在presidential campaign of 1992的特性，造成比较的逻辑关系错误。

Besides adding complementary flavors to many foods, hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's. 答案选A。 但是对these存在疑问，these指代endorphins 还是 hot sauces?  而且GMAT不是不喜欢用this, these 指代么？ 而且还是不接修饰成分的this 和 these

In California, a lack of genetic variation in the Argentine ant has allowed the species to spread widely; due to their being so genetically similar to one another, the ants consider all their fellows to be a close relative and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limits the spread of this species in its native Argentina. Adue to their being so genetically similar to one another, the ants consider all their fellows to be a close relative and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limits Bdue to its being so genetically similar the ant considers all its fellows to be a close relative and thus does not engage in the kind of fierce intercolnny struggles that limit Cbecause it is so genetically similar, the ant considers all its fellows to be close relatives and thus does not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limits Dbecause they are so genetically similar to one another, the ants consider all their fellows to be close relatives and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limit Ebecause of being so genetically similar to one another, the ants consider all their fellows to be a close relative and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limits

While it costs about the same to run nuclear plants as other types of power plants, it is the fixed costs that stem from building nuclear plants that makes it more expensive for them to generate electricity.

A. While it costs about the same to run nuclear plants as other types of power plants, it is the fixed costs that stem from building nuclear plants that makes it more expensive for them to generate electricity.
B While the cost of running nuclear plants is about the same as for other types of power plants, the fixed costs that stem from building nuclear plants make the electricity they generate more expensive.
C. Even though it costs about the same to run nuclear plants as for other types of power plants, it is the fixed costs that stem from building nuclear plants that makes the electricity they generate more expensive.
D. It costs about the same to run nuclear plants as for other types of power plants, whereas the electricity they generate is more expensive, stemming from the fixed costs of building nuclear plants.  
E. The cost of running nuclear plants is about the same as other types of power plants, but the electricity they generate is made more expensive because of the fixed costs stemming from building nuclear plants.

求教这里面的for是跟as前面的哪一项平行呢？

A recently published report indicates that the salaries of teachers continue to lag far behind other college-educated professionals, because they make an average of nearly $8,000 a year less at the start of their careers and almost $24,000 less a year by the time they reach the age of 50.

A.      other college-educated professionals, because they make an average of nearly $8,000 a year less at the start of their careers and almost $24,000 less

B.      other college-educated professionals, by an average of nearly $8,000 a year at the start of their careers, to almost $24,000

C.      what other college-educated professionals are paid—making an average of nearly $8,000 a year less at the start of their careers and almost $24,000 less

D.      those of other college-educated professionals—by an average of nearly $8,000 a year at the start of their careers to almost $24,000 less

E.       those of other college-educated professionals—by an average of nearly $8,000 a year at the start of their careers, and by almost $24,000

enkyklios

The results of the company's cost-cutting measures are evident in its profits, which increased 5precent during the first months of this year after it fell over the last two years.
正确答案为：which have increased 5 precent during the first 3 months of this year after falling
其中有一个错误选项：with a 5 precent increase  during the first 3 months of this year after falling 这个选项为啥是错的呢？？？困惑我很久的问题就是 什么时候该用独立主格好一些，什么时候该用从句好一些呢？？？区分不出来呀，烦请大家明白的能够给解答一下！谢谢谢谢你们了！！

发表于 2012-10-23 16:18:05 |只看该作者 问题3： 还是prep198 Between 1990 and 2000 the global economy grew more than it did during the 10,000 years from the beginning of agriculture to 1950. A. Between 1990 and 2000 the global economy grew more than it did during the 10,000 years from the beginning of agriculture B. Between 1990 and 2000 the growth of the global economy was more than that during 10,000 years, from when agriculture began C. The growth of the global economy between 1990 and 2000 exceeds that which had been for 10,000 years from the beginning of agriculture D. The growth of the global economy between 1990 and 2000 exceeds what it has been for 10,000 years, from when agriculture began E. The growth of the global economy between 1990 and 2000 exceeded what it did for the 10,000 years from the beginning of agriculture Between 1990 and 2000 the global economy grew more than it did during the 10,000 years from the beginning of agriculture to 1950 it did = the global economy grew. 所以 根据比较从句省略原则： 当比较从句的主语和谓语与从句的主语和谓语相同时，可以全部省略，常常保留作状语的介词短语或状语从句，那么此句是不是可以省略为Between 1990 and 2000 the global economy grew more than during the 10,000 years from the beginning of agriculture to 1950. 谢谢大家的解答

一步一个脚印！！

enkyklios

Although appearing less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins,heirloom tomatoes, grown from seeds saved during the previous year--they are often green and striped, or have plenty of bumps and bruises---heirlooms are more flavorful and thus in increasing demand.

正确选项为：Although heirloom tomatoes,  grown from seeds saved during the previous year, appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins.
想问的就是 为什么原句不对呢？？错误在哪里呢？? 还有一点困惑的地方在于 第一个破折号之后的they指代的应该是heirloom tomatoes ，如果按照正确答案的来说的话，正确答案已cousins结尾，那么来说的话这个they岂不是会有指代的歧义？？？？知道的牛牛们帮忙解答一下吧 感激不尽！！！

Noting that the Federal Reserve had raised a key short-term interest rate again last month, analysts said that they expected orders for durable goods to decline soon becauserising interest rates makes it more expensive to buy them on credit

　　A. rising interest rates makes it more expensive to buy them on credit

　　B. rising interest rates make buying on credit more expensive

　　C. a rise in interest rates make it more expensive to buy on credit

　　D. a rise in interest rates make buying on credit more expensive (B)

　　E. a rise in interest rates makes it more expensive for them to be bought on cr

enkyklios

73.        Alaska regularly deposits some of its profits from the sale of oil into a special fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves.
(A) fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves
(B) fund, the intention of which is to sustain the state’s economy after they have exhausted their oil reserves
(C) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted
(D) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after exhausting its oil reserves
(E) fund that they intend to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted

A的错误是什么？
D不定式是否可以有状语从句修饰？紧缩主语是fund(前边动词的主语）？

with intention to 似乎不是一个正确的结构，应该是have intention of doing something.   however可以说with intent to 一般用于法律某人有犯罪方面的意图

本题通过宾语中加个定语达到状语的目的吗？下边这题是主语里加一个长定语而不使用句子
Despite recent increases in sales and cash flow that have propelled automobile companies' common stocks to new highs, several industry analysts expect automakers, in order to conserve cash, to set cash more conservatively than they were.
A) to set dividends more conservatively than they were
B) to set dividends more conservatively than they have been
C) to be more conservative than they have been in setting dividends
D) that they will be more conservative than they were in setting dividends
E) that they will be more conservative than they have been to set dividends

ARG

enkyklios 发表于 2013-6-13 01:43
Although appearing less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins,heirloom to ...

http://forum.chasedream.com/foru ... read&tid=735522
关于OG13-SC-132，此链接不错，推荐你看看。