Ben的复习笔记回顾

bejamin1111

【1】分词短语逻辑主语的判断
a)        分词短语在句首作状语:逻辑主语=主句主语
b)        ing分词短语在句尾:
        表伴随动作/状态/功能,与句子谓语动作同时发生,逻辑主语=句子主语
        表伴随结果,整个句子是原因,导致分词动作产生,无逻辑主语.可以在分词前加thus/thereby/in effect/in fact等,也可以不加（OG10-259）。
*：注意无论前面是主动还是被动语态，现在分词短语修饰的都是主语，如下面manhattan的Ron大神所示例子：
My brother tricked me, disappointing Dad --> implies that dad is disappointed in my brotherfor tricking me (and not necessarily disappointed in me for being tricked).
I was tricked by my brother, disappointing Dad -->implies that dad is disappointed in me because i fell for my brother's trick(and not that he's disappointed in my brother for tricking me).
c)        ed分词短语在句尾,一般优先就近作定语,修饰名词[OG10-127]
d)        ing分词和ed分词在句中：优先作定语修饰就近的名词[OG10-191]
e)        介词或介词短语+ing分词: in addition to/in/by/without/besides+doing…,句子
        在句首,逻辑主语=句子主语
        在句尾,逻辑主语可能是句子主语也可能不是

【2】当现在/过去分词在句中且前后都有逗号,有歧义:1)修饰前面紧邻的名词,2)向后修饰后面句子的主语.
  这种结构在GMAT肯定错,如果修饰某句主语,则避免将该分词置于以名词结尾的句后.避免方式:1)用定语从句/介词短语明确修饰对象.2)可将分词提到句首,所修饰主语及所在句子紧跟其后-->形成句首分词修饰句子主语.见OG179

bejamin1111

【1】Ron关于Because of Ving的解释；
this construction is incorrect if the causal agent (i.e., the thing that the "because" is attributed to) is the VERB.

for instance,

* we laughed all day because of tony walking into the girls' bathroom --> incorrect, because the verb (walking into the bathroom) is the reason why we were laughing all day.
the correct version of this sentence would read we laughed all day because of tony's walking into the girls' bathroom. in other words, if the causal agent is the action (which appears in -ing form), then it must be preceded by a possessive.

* estelle was afraid to move because of a spider sitting on the wall --> correct, because estelle is afraid because of the spider itself, not because of the spider's sitting on the wall.

bejamin1111

Ron关于代词指代模糊的是否作为splits的两点建议：
so here's the simplest way of making the decision:

1) if you see an AMBIGUOUS PRONOUN that is REPLACED BY THE CORRECT NOUN in OTHER ANSWER CHOICES, then ELIMINATE the ambiguous pronoun and keep the specific noun.
for an example, see problem 68 in the blue verbal supplement, in which "them" is split against "these companies".

HOWEVER,
2) if you see an ambiguous pronoun that is NOT replaced by the correct noun in any of the other answer choices, then DON'T eliminate!
for an example, see problem 21 in the blue verbal supplement (in which the correct answer contains a technically ambiguous

bejamin1111

More than fifty years after the Second World War, a number of African American soldiers were awarded - some of them posthumously - with the Congressional Medal of Honor, which was the nation’s highest military award, and which was long overdue in recognition of their outstanding bravery.

A. with the Congressional Medal of Honor, which was the nation’s highest military award, and which was long overdue in
B. with the Congressional Medal of Honor, the nation’s highest military award for long-overdue
C. the Congressional Medal of Honor, which was the nation’s highest military award, long-overdue in
D. the Congressional Medal of Honor, the nation’s highest military award for long-overdue
E. the Congressional Medal of Honor, the nation’s highest military award, in long-overdue

答案在DE里面选；
1.如果你记得in recognition of那么就可以很容易的选择D；
2.但是为什么E中in recognition of前面有comma呢；
是因为the nation’s highest military award是同位语 同位语可以去掉；去掉之后D改变了句子的intended meaning；而E没有。为什么呢？因为原句的逻辑意思是：longoverdue recognition of their outstanding bravery是the nation's highest military award存在的原因，所以the nation's highest military award这个同位语前后必须隔开

bejamin1111

【关于两种平行结构中介词、关系代词等的省略】
there are two kinds of parallel signals: ONE-PART (such as "and", "or", "but"), and TWO-PART (such as "not only ... but also", "both ... and").

when you have PARALLELISM WITH A ONE-PART SIGNAL, the only words that are "locked in" are the ones directly FOLLOWING the signal.
as long as you can find the corresponding structure in the other part, then the parallelism is fine.

examples:
i worked in nevada and florida.
i worked in nevada and in florida.

BOTH OF THESE ARE FINE.

reasons:
in the first, the part that's "locked in" by the signal and is just florida. therefore, the parallel construction would be just nevada.
since that construction is there, the sentence is parallel:
i worked in
nevada
and
florida.

in the second, the part that's "locked in" by the signal and is in florida. therefore, the parallel construction would be just in nevada.
since that construction is there, the sentence is parallel:
i worked
in nevada
and
in florida.

--

for completely analogous reasons, this sentence would be fine either with or without your second "that":

an increase that
would amount to roughly five miles per gallon
and
would represent...

an increase
that would amount to roughly five miles per gallon
and
that would represent...

bejamin1111

【1】allow that后面要加情态动词才是允许，否则就是"承认";
【2】each 型独立主格,强调句尾名词,形式为:
句子 + 复数名词结尾, each +介词短语/形容词短语/-ed形式/-ing形式
【3】view sth. to be不是正确的idiom
【4】 constructions appearing between two commas, unless they are part of a list (X, Y, and Z), are modifiers and can therefore be struck from the sentence.
【5】 in fact, there is absolutely no difference whatsoever between "compare to" and "compare with". they are exactly the same.

enkyklios

顶，总结的好

bejamin1111

【1】namely用于对刚提及的事物给予更多的信息或说明。副词，不能连接完整句子；
【2】not one of+复数名词谓语动词用单数；
【3】remember this as an idiomatic usage of the construction "known to". if the action is in the present, then you use "known to VERB"; if the action is in the past, then you use "known to have VERBed".

bejamin1111

enkyklios 发表于 2013-7-16 15:53
顶，总结的好

哎 都是自己做题中不熟悉的内容的回顾

bejamin1111

【1】one of +复数名词结构后的从句的谓语动词形式取决于intended meaning；
One of the apples from the basket is rotten. (particular apple)
She is one of the contestants who have prior knowledge of cat-walk.(talking about all those contestants)
【2】关于result in：
you can only say "X results in Y" when X is an ACTION.
if X is an OBJECT, you can NEVER say that X "results" in anything.
【3】 you can't use "like" to refer to a clause；
【4】：according to是prep.（介词）；in accordance with 是adv. 与...一致, 依照according to，依据in accordance with，与一致，依照根据本句判断应该是according to，如果是in accordance with，后面应该直接是法规法律