OG verbal 的两道题目19和20-------之前论坛里有人问过了，但是没人回复，再问下。

zcstc007

在OG VERBAL分册中，19题
Chinese, themost ancient of living writing systems, consists of tens of thousands of ideographic characters,each character a miniature calligraphic composition inside itsown square frame.

(A)each character a miniature calligraphic composition inside its

(B)all the characters a miniature calligraphic composition inside their

(C)all the characters a miniature calligraphic composition inside its

(D)every character a miniature calligraphic composition inside their

(E)each character a miniature calligraphic composition inside their

正确答案是A项，
官方解释是划线的部分是一个同位语短语。
这个我理解，问题是： character 和 composition都是名词啊， 两个名词就这样直接连接在一起的？？？ 就算是compositon 是chracter的同位语那也得用个逗号隔开啊。 还有inside****是不是表示介词短语修饰character 和 composition的？

20 Declining values for farm equipment and land, the collateral against which farmers borrow to get through the harvest season, is going to force many lenders to tighten or deny credit this spring.
(A)the collateral against which farmers borrow to get through the harvest season, is

(B)which farmers use as collateral to borrow against to get through the harvest season, is

(C)the collateral which is borrowed against by farmers to get through the harvest season, is

(D)which farmers use as collateral to borrow against to get through the harvest season, are

(E)the collateral against which farmers borrow to get through the harvest season, are

正确选项是E项，

但是D项的错误我不知道我的理解对不对。 官方说法是use as collateral to borrow against 是redundant。 这里不是很清楚，查了against，有“靠”的意思。 是不是collateral和against这两个单词在这个句子中意思重复啦？？？

陶然异面直线

感觉后面那个题，有点像some of which那种，which放后面好看点……

TerraceHo

只說一下【第一題】的看法哈^^

（1）each character是ideographhic characters的同位語
（2）a miniature calligraphic composition是each character的同位語

關於爲什麽each前面加了comma，但是a miniature前面沒有加comma的問題：
有位美國G老師說過，在同位語中間要不要使用punctuation，關鍵是看同位語對於所修飾的noun是否vital。下面是對應的使用規則：

【##同位語中punctuation的使用：

(A)When the modifier (appositive or other kind of modifier) is purely descriptive, and not necessarily to establish the identity of the noun, it is non-vital, non-essential modifier, and these are ALWAYS separated by commas. 【如果修飾語的內容僅僅是描述型的，沒有涉及到被修飾語的根本的，就算沒有了這個modifier也可以知道noun說的是什麽的，一定要用comma！】

(B)Vital modifiers are NEVER separated by commas from the rest of the sentence.【如果修飾內容是對noun有重要的特指作用的話，沒有了這個modifier根本
       就不能區分出前面的noun的話，千萬不能加comma！】】

***所以，把上面的規則放到句子裏面如此理解：
Chinese, themost ancient of living writing systems, consists of tens of thousands of ideographic characters,each character a miniature calligraphic composition inside its own square frame.

（1）each前面之所以要加comma是因為被修飾的名詞characters前面已經有ideogrphic在修飾，說明是哪一種字母，因而不需要後面的each來特指是哪一種字母了。each在這裡的作用僅僅是描述性的，所以要加comma。
（2）a miniature calligraphic composition作為each character的同位語，特別指出character的特徵是怎樣的。如果僅僅是each character的話，沒有特指，哪裡知道是哪一種字母呢？所以a miniature calligraphic composition在這裡是vital modifier，不能加comma。

zcstc007

受教， 还有这讲究居然。。。。。谢谢