求高人 解答

ysliver

1. In 1974 the speed limit on highways in the United States was reduced to 55 miles per hour in order to save fuel. In the first 12 months after the change, the rate of highway fatalities dropped 15 percent, the sharpest one-year drop in history. Over the next 10 years, the fatality rate declined by another 25 percent. It follows that the 1974 reduction in the speed limit saved many lives.

　　Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument？

　　（A） The 1974 fuel shortage cut driving sharply for more than a year.

　　（B） There was no decline in the rate of highway fatalities during the twelfth year following the reduction in the speed limit.

　　（C） Since 1974 automobile manufacturers have been required by law to install lifesaving equipment, such as seat belts, in all new cars.

　　（D） The fatality rate in highway accidents involving motorists driving faster than 55 miles per hour in much higher than in highway accidents that do not involve motorists driving at such speeds.

　　（E） Motorists are more likely to avoid accidents by matching their speed to that of the surrounding highway traffic than by driving at faster or slower speeds.

　　2. Some legislators refuse to commit public funds for new scientific research if they cannot be assured that the research will contribute to the public welfare. Such a position ignores the lessons of experience. Many important contributions to the public welfare that resulted from scientific research were never predicted as potential outcomes of that research. Suppose that a scientist in the early twentieth century had applied for public funds to study molds： who would have predicted that such research would lead to the discovery of antibiotics ？one of the greatest contributions ever made to the public welfare？

　　Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the argument？

　　（A） The committal of public funds for new scientific research will ensure that the public welfare will be enhanced.

　　（B） If it were possible to predict the general outcome of a new scientific research effort, then legislators would not refuse to commit public funds for that effort.

　　（C） Scientific discoveries that have contributed to the public welfare would have occurred sooner if public funds had been committed to the research that generated those discoveries.

　　（D） In order to ensure that scientific research is directed toward contributing to the public welfare, legislators must commit public funds to new scientific research.

　　（E） Lack of guarantees that new scientific research will contribute to the public welfare is not sufficient reason for legislators to refuse to commit public funds to new scientific research.

　　3. When workers do not find their assignments challenging, they become bored and so achieve less than their abilities would allow. On the other hand, when workers find their assignments too difficult, they give up and so again achieve less than what they are capable of achieving. It is, therefore, clear that no worker抯 full potential will ever be realized.

　　Which one of the following is an error of reasoning contained in the argument？

　　（A） mistakenly equating what is actual and what is merely possible

　　（B） assuming without warrant that a situation allows only two possibilities

　　（C） relying on subjective rather than objective evidence

　　（D） confusing the coincidence of two events with a causal relation between the two

　　（E） depending on the ambiguous use of a key term

　　4. Our tomato soup provides good nutrition： for instance, a warm bowl of it contains more units of vitamin C than does a serving of apricots or fresh carrots！

　　The advertisement is misleading if which one of the following is true？

　　（A） Few people depend exclusively on apricots and carrots to supply vitamin C to their diets.

　　（B） A liquid can lose vitamins if it stands in contact with the air for a protracted period of time.

　　（C） Tomato soup contains important nutrients other than vitamin C.

　　（D） The amount of vitamin C provided by a serving of the advertised soup is less than the amount furnished by a serving of fresh strawberries.

　　（E） Apricots and fresh carrots are widely known to be nutritious, but their contribution consists primarily in providing a large amount of vitamin A, not a large amount of vitamin C.

　　Questions 5-6

　　The government provides insurance for individuals？ band deposits, but requires the banks to pay the premiums for the insurance. Since it is depositors who primarily benefit from the security this insurance provides, the government should take steps to ensure that depositors who want this security bear the cost of it and thus should make depositors pay the premiums for insuring their own accounts.

　　5. Which one of the following principles, if established, would do most to justify drawing the conclusion of the argument on the basis of the reasons offered in its support？

　　（A） The people who stand to benefit from an economic service should always be made to bear the costs of that service.

　　（B） Any rational system of insurance must base the size of premiums on the degree of risk involved.

　　（C） Government-backed security for investors, such as bank depositors, should be provided only when it does not reduce incentives for investors to make responsible investments.

　　（D） The choice of not accepting and offered service should always be available, even if there is no charge for the service.

　　（E） The government should avoid any actions that might alter the behavior of corporations and individuals in the market.

　　6. Which of the following is assumed by the argument？

　　（A） Banks are not insured by the government against default on the loans the banks make.

　　（B） Private insurance companies do not have the resources to provide banks or individual with deposit insurance.

　　（C） Banks do not always cover the cost of the deposit-insurance premiums by paying depositors lower interest rates on insured deposits than the banks would on uninsured deposits.

　　（D） The government limits the insurance protection it provides by insuring accounts up to a certain legally defined amount only.

　　（E） The government does not allow banks to offer some kinds of accounts in which deposits are not insured

7. When individual students are all treated equally in that they have identical exposure to curriculum material, the rate, quality, and quantity of learning will vary from student to student. If all students are to master a given curriculum, some of them need different types of help than others, as any experienced teacher knows.
　　If the statements above are both true, which one of the following conclusions can be drawn on the basis of them？

　　（A） Unequal treatment, in a sense, of individual students is required in order to ensure equality with respect to the educational tasks they master.

　　（B） The rate and quality of learning, with learning understood as the acquiring of the ability to solve problems within a given curriculum area, depend on the quality of teaching an individual student receives in any given curriculum.

　　（C） The more experienced the teacher is, the more the students will learn.

　　（D） All students should have identical exposure to learn the material being taught in any given curriculum.

　　（E） Teachers should help each of their students to learn as much as possible.

　　8. George： Some scientists say that global warming will occur because people are releasing large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere by burning trees and fossil fuels. We can see, though, that the predicted warming is occurring already. In the middle of last winter, we had a month of springlike weather in our area, and this fall, because of unusually mild temperatures, the leaves on our town抯 trees were three weeks late in turning color.

　　Which one of the following would it be most relevant to investigate in evaluating the conclusion of George抯 argument？

　　（A） whether carbon dioxide is the only cause of global warming

　　（B） when leaves on the trees in the town usually change color

　　（C） what proportion of global emissions of carbon dioxide is due to the burning of trees by humans

　　（D） whether air pollution is causing some trees in the are to lose their leaves

　　（E） whether unusually warm weather is occurring elsewhere on the globe more frequently than before

　　9. Student representative： Our university, in expelling a student who verbally harassed his roommate, has erred by penalizing the student for doing what he surely has a right to do： speak his mind！

　　Dean of students： but what you' re saying is that our university should endorse verbal harassment. Yet surely if we did that, we would threaten the free flow of ideas that is the essence of university life.

　　Which one of the following is a questionable technique that the dean of students uses in attempting to refute the student representative？

　　（A） challenging the student representative抯 knowledge of the process by which the student was expelled

　　（B） invoking a fallacious distinction between speech and other sorts of behavior

　　（C） misdescribing the student representative' s position, thereby making it easier to challenge

　　（D） questioning the motives of the student representative rather than offering reasons for the conclusion defended

　　（E） relying on a position of power to silence the opposing viewpoint with a threat

　　10. Famous personalities found guilty of many types of crimes in well-publicized trials are increasingly sentenced to the performance of community service, though unknown defendants convicted of similar crimes almost always serve prison sentences. However, the principle of equality before the law rules out using fame and publicity as relevant considerations in the sentencing of convicted criminals.

　　The statements above, if true, most strongly support which one of the following conclusions？

　　（A） The principle of equality before the law if rigorously applied in only a few types of criminal trials.

　　（B） The number of convicted celebrities sentenced to community service should equal the number of convicted unknown defendants sentenced to community service.

　　（C） The principle of equality before the law can properly be overridden by other principles in some cases.

　　（D） The sentencing of celebrities to community service instead of prison constitutes a violation of the principle of equality before the law in many cases.

　　（E） The principle of equality before the law does not allow for leniency in sentencing.

　　11. Scientific research at a certain university was supported in part by an annual grant from a major foundation. When the university' s physics department embarked on weapons-related research, the foundation, which has a purely humanitarian mission, threatened to cancel its grant. The university then promised that none of the foundation' s money would be used for the weapons research, whereupon the foundation withdrew its threat, concluding that the weapons research would not benefit from the foundation' s grants.

　　Which one of the following describes a flaw in the reasoning underlying the foundation's conclusion？

　　（A） It overlooks the possibility that the availability of the foundation's money for humanitarian uses will allow the university to redirect other funds from humanitarian uses to weapons research.

　　（B） It overlooks the possibility that the physics department' s weapons research is not he only one of the university's research activities with other than purely humanitarian purposes.

　　（C） It overlooks the possibility that the university made its promise specifically in order to induce the foundation to withdraw its threat.

　　（D） It confuses the intention of not using a sum of money for a particular purpose with the intention of not using that sum of money at all.

　　（E） It assumes that if the means to achieve an objective are humanitarian in character, then the objective is also humanitarian in character.

　　12. To suit the needs of corporate clients, advertising agencies have successfully modified a strategy originally developed for political campaigns. This strategy aims to provide clients with free publicity and air time by designing an advertising campaign that is controversial, thus drawing prime-time media coverage and evoking public comment by officials.

　　The Statements above, if true, most seriously undermine which one of the following assertions？

　　（A） The usefulness of an advertising campaign is based solely on the degree to which the campaign抯 advertisements persuade their audiences.

　　（B） Only a small percentage of eligible voters admit to being influenced by advertising campaigns in deciding how to vote.

　　（C） Campaign managers have transformed political campaigns by making increasing use of strategies borrowed from corporate advertising campaigns.

　　（D） Corporations are typically more concerned with maintaining public recognition of the corporate name than with enhancing goodwill toward the corporation.

　　（E） Advertising agencies that specialize in campaigns for corporate clients are not usually chosen for political campaigns

beihorse

1: D