【Jeffery在8月5日的三个语法问题，向大家求教。】

jeffery2541

1·关于OG12-SC111：
111. Construction of the Roman Colosseum, which was officially known as the Flavian
Amphitheater, began in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian, was completed a decade later,
during the reign of Titus, who opened the Colosseum with a one-hundred-day cycle of religious
pageants, gladiatorial games, and spectacles.
(A) which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian,
(B) officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, begun in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian, and
(C) which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian, and
(D) officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater and begun in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian it
(E) officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, which was begun in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian, and

问题如下：I·construction began 与 construction was begun 有什么区别？假如说后者也是正确的，那么正确使用begun做construction的后置定语来修饰它是否也是正确的？

II·D选项错在哪里？and并列两个过去分词在逻辑是不是要来修饰同一个对象呢？


2·关于OG12-SC117：
117. George Sand (Aurore Lucile Dupin) was one of the first European writers to consider the rural
poor to be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these with sympathy and respect in her
novels.
(A) to be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these
(B) should be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these
(C) as being legitimate subjects for literature and portraying them
(D) as if they were legitimate subjects for literature and portray them
(E) legitimate subjects for literature and to portray them

问题如下：I·E选项中关于不定式to省略的问，即E中and后面的to是否可以省略（我知道省略不能产生歧义，我感觉这里省略也没有歧义）？
                II·两项不定式平行 与 三项不定式平行 在 to的省略上有没有什么区别呢？


3·关于it claims to的问题：
Even if the computer industry received all the revenue it claims to be losing, it will still be experiencing finance difficulties.
这是OG12-CR38题选项中的一句话，之前看到一个问关于这个结构的帖子，自己也不太清楚，后来思考未果，看逻辑时刚好又碰到，所以，提出来请教一下大家：这个结构到底是什么意思？这是个怎样的用法？


---

问题可能有些多，大家能者多劳吧~谢谢~

jeffery2541

顶一下~睡去啦~
求给力啊~~~

jeffery2541

再顶一下~

keithyang926

1·关于OG12-SC111：
111. Construction of the Roman Colosseum, which was officially known as the Flavian
Amphitheater, began in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian, was completed a decade later,
during the reign of Titus, who opened the Colosseum with a one-hundred-day cycle of religious
pageants, gladiatorial games, and spectacles.
(A) which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian,
(B) officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, begun in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian, and
(C) which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian, and
(D) officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater and begun in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian it
(E) officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, which was begun in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian, and

问题如下：I·construction began 与 construction was begun 有什么区别？假如说后者也是正确的，那么正确使用begun做construction的后置定语来修饰它是否也是正确的？

II·D选项错在哪里？and并列两个过去分词在逻辑是不是要来修饰同一个对象呢？

绝大多数情况下表达开始的概念都用sth begins...，很少用被动语态，这基本是约定俗成又最简洁明了的用法，特别是written English，所以没有必要去深究为什么一种形式可以，另一种不可以。但确实存在begin用被动式的情况，但逻辑表达上稍微有点区别，下面摘自Oxford，
The building hasn't even been begun.   --- 这座建筑物还没有动工呢。
Building began last year. ---建筑工程去年已经开始。

这里，第一个例子中的受体非常明确，the building是一个具体的object，如果把此句直接转成active voice就会讲不通：The building hasn't even begun. ---这个建筑物还没有开始。 incorrect.
而例子2中，更着重在building这个process，就像题目中的construction一样，表达building这个过程开始。

目前为止我还没遇到过“使用begun做construction的后置定语来修饰”类似的用法，要么是sth beginning..., 要么 sth that begins, 所以，如果你在任何GMAT官方资料里碰到sth begun，可以拿出来探讨，但until then，you can simply spare that and move along.

2·关于OG12-SC117：
117. George Sand (Aurore Lucile Dupin) was one of the first European writers to consider the rural
poor to be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these with sympathy and respect in her
novels.
(A) to be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these
(B) should be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these
(C) as being legitimate subjects for literature and portraying them
(D) as if they were legitimate subjects for literature and portray them
(E) legitimate subjects for literature and to portray them

问题如下：I·E选项中关于不定式to省略的问，即E中and后面的to是否可以省略（我知道省略不能产生歧义，我感觉这里省略也没有歧义）？
                II·两项不定式平行 与 三项不定式平行 在 to的省略上有没有什么区别呢？

个人感觉没有歧义均可省略，两项三项都一样，加to不加to的用法OG题目里都有。

3·关于it claims to的问题：
Even if the computer industry received all the revenue it claims to be losing, it will still be experiencing finance difficulties.
这是OG12-CR38题选项中的一句话，之前看到一个问关于这个结构的帖子，自己也不太清楚，后来思考未果，看逻辑时刚好又碰到，所以，提出来请教一下大家：这个结构到底是什么意思？这是个怎样的用法？


---

问题可能有些多，大家能者多劳吧~谢谢~

-- by 会员 jeffery2541 (2012/8/5 23:55:25)

这里的it claims to be losing就是简单的从句用法，all the revenue that it is losing, 你所谓的it claims to 的迷惑之处能给个例子吗？

bob9603

111题：
我也困惑过，但看了Elroy 的解释，好像是说，这里是主动形式表被动~
至于你说的D，我觉得那两个动词不是在一个层次上的，所以用and连接不合适，虽然语法上，看上去挺平行的，但这题，通过A选项透露出来的原文意思是began 和 was compelited 一个层次上的，而 known只是一个which（非限）里面的一个东西，只是为了解释说明用的，而不是主干内容~

jeffery2541

Hi Keith~ Long time no see~

First of all, thanks a lot for your generous help to me.

Then, I would like to say that with your instruction I come to understand what has made stuck. But as for the third problem, I understand that the sentence "all the revenue it claims to be losing" contains a subordinate clause and that it seems to be an attributive clause. Am I right, so far? If so, then can you tell me what role does "revenue" play in the clause? Or can you just revamp the attibutive clause so that I can see the structure clear. Thx~

last but not the least, I really want to how you understand the "Draw the Conlusion" or "Must be true" questions in then CR section of GMAT.


Thanks again~
Jeff

1·关于OG12-SC111：
111. Construction of the Roman Colosseum, which was officially known as the Flavian
Amphitheater, began in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian, was completed a decade later,
during the reign of Titus, who opened the Colosseum with a one-hundred-day cycle of religious
pageants, gladiatorial games, and spectacles.
(A) which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian,
(B) officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, begun in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian, and
(C) which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian, and
(D) officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater and begun in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian it
(E) officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, which was begun in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian, and

问题如下：I·construction began 与 construction was begun 有什么区别？假如说后者也是正确的，那么正确使用begun做construction的后置定语来修饰它是否也是正确的？

II·D选项错在哪里？and并列两个过去分词在逻辑是不是要来修饰同一个对象呢？

绝大多数情况下表达开始的概念都用sth begins...，很少用被动语态，这基本是约定俗成又最简洁明了的用法，特别是written English，所以没有必要去深究为什么一种形式可以，另一种不可以。但确实存在begin用被动式的情况，但逻辑表达上稍微有点区别，下面摘自Oxford，
The building hasn't even been begun.   --- 这座建筑物还没有动工呢。
Building began last year. ---建筑工程去年已经开始。

这里，第一个例子中的受体非常明确，the building是一个具体的object，如果把此句直接转成active voice就会讲不通：The building hasn't even begun. ---这个建筑物还没有开始。 incorrect.
而例子2中，更着重在building这个process，就像题目中的construction一样，表达building这个过程开始。

目前为止我还没遇到过“使用begun做construction的后置定语来修饰”类似的用法，要么是sth beginning..., 要么 sth that begins, 所以，如果你在任何GMAT官方资料里碰到sth begun，可以拿出来探讨，但until then，you can simply spare that and move along.

2·关于OG12-SC117：
117. George Sand (Aurore Lucile Dupin) was one of the first European writers to consider the rural
poor to be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these with sympathy and respect in her
novels.
(A) to be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these
(B) should be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these
(C) as being legitimate subjects for literature and portraying them
(D) as if they were legitimate subjects for literature and portray them
(E) legitimate subjects for literature and to portray them

问题如下：I·E选项中关于不定式to省略的问，即E中and后面的to是否可以省略（我知道省略不能产生歧义，我感觉这里省略也没有歧义）？
                II·两项不定式平行 与 三项不定式平行 在 to的省略上有没有什么区别呢？

个人感觉没有歧义均可省略，两项三项都一样，加to不加to的用法OG题目里都有。

3·关于it claims to的问题：
Even if the computer industry received all the revenue it claims to be losing, it will still be experiencing finance difficulties.
这是OG12-CR38题选项中的一句话，之前看到一个问关于这个结构的帖子，自己也不太清楚，后来思考未果，看逻辑时刚好又碰到，所以，提出来请教一下大家：这个结构到底是什么意思？这是个怎样的用法？


---

问题可能有些多，大家能者多劳吧~谢谢~

-- by 会员 jeffery2541 (2012/8/5 23:55:25)

这里的it claims to be losing就是简单的从句用法，all the revenue that it is losing, 你所谓的it claims to 的迷惑之处能给个例子吗？

-- by 会员 keithyang926 (2012/8/6 10:48:07)

jeffery2541

111题：
我也困惑过，但看了Elroy 的解释，好像是说，这里是主动形式表被动~
至于你说的D，我觉得那两个动词不是在一个层次上的，所以用and连接不合适，虽然语法上，看上去挺平行的，但这题，通过A选项透露出来的原文意思是began 和 was compelited 一个层次上的，而 known只是一个which（非限）里面的一个东西，只是为了解释说明用的，而不是主干内容~

-- by 会员 bob9603 (2012/8/6 11:25:18)

我一下子明白了，平行有两个层次，结构平行以及逻辑平行~

Got it~Thx~

keithyang926

Revenue是lose的宾语，只不过是以that从句的形式出现。这里claim和lose的动作都是由the computer industry发出的，两个动词连在一起用to隔开，这是再普通不过的用法，你可能跟what it claims之类的用法混淆了。我刚才回了关于what it claims的贴，你可以参考下。

http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_SC/thread-744302-1-1.html

至于inference之类的逻辑题目，我也没有太高效的方法，但mechanical thinking是肯定的，注意some, many之类范围和程度的修饰词，就是注意premise的具体性，and stay on focus.

jeffery2541

嗯嗯~~~明白啦~~~

关于那个推论题，我又做了GWD里的。还是错很多的。

Revenue是lose的宾语，只不过是以that从句的形式出现。这里claim和lose的动作都是由the computer industry发出的，两个动词连在一起用to隔开，这是再普通不过的用法，你可能跟what it claims之类的用法混淆了。我刚才回了关于what it claims的贴，你可以参考下。

http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_SC/thread-744302-1-1.html

至于inference之类的逻辑题目，我也没有太高效的方法，但mechanical thinking是肯定的，注意some, many之类范围和程度的修饰词，就是注意premise的具体性，and stay on focus.

-- by 会员 keithyang926 (2012/8/6 16:44:37)

yakev6

选项D将know和begin并列起来，改变含义，且不符合逻辑，因为known 的逻辑主语是RC，而begin的逻辑主语是construction,逻辑主语混乱。