！！！求大牛帮忙分析WHICH THAT OG中的跳跃指代问题（都有OG原题分析）！！

2881665

首先看OG121题126. The use of lie detectors is based on the assumption that lying produces emotional reactions in an individual that, in turn, create unconscious physiological responses.

  THAT在这道题里面是指代reactions的  这是因为 reactions in an individual中的in an individual是reactions的一个NOUN MODIFER，那么reactions就是这整个介词结构中的核心词，于是THAT可以指代跳跃in an individual指代reactions.

同理在OG106中的正确句子里

Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for private conversation that could substitute for the telephone; instead, it has become

  THAT跳跃修饰了tool这是因为 a tool for private conversation中的for private conversation是tool的一个NOUN MODIFER基本和上句的结构和指代关系是一致的。

再看一个OG解释直接给出证据的反例

OG107
正确：Originally developed for detecting air pollutants,a technique called proton-induced X-rayemission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,

    错误：A technique originally developed for detectingair pollutants, called proton-induced X-rayemission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,
OG里面的解释是在正确的句子中which正确指代了了a technique这是因为后面的called
proton-induced X-rayemission其实是分词结构做为 a technique的NOUNMODIFER所以which
跳跃指代了a technique，错误的选项中，OG给出的解释是WHICH修饰了X-rayemission，因为called短语已经没有紧跟A TECHNIQUE构成a technique called proton-induced X-rayemission 这样一个名词成分。



     那么问题来了。。也许是我没注意到。。 同志们别拍砖。。
    前面有名词性的短语是WHICH,THAT等跳跃修饰的必要条件还是充要条件……
如OG106里produces emotional reactions in an individual that，这个that能不能或者在什么情况下能直接指代individual，如果后面句子的逻辑说的通，因为这道题我就觉得B选项creates unconscious physiological responses修饰individual是完全解释的通的，B的错误OG的解释是create的主谓不一致，也就是说OG认为是不可能修饰individual



同样OG里面还有个例子附带问题2.。。。。
33.    OG33  Because an oversuoply of computer chips has sentprices plunging, the manufacturer has announced that it will cut production by closing its factories for two days a month.这是正确句子

错误句子：
Because of plunging prices for computer chips,
which is due to an oversupply,
OG给出的它错误的原因是is 和 prices主谓不一致，很明显which也是准确修饰到了核心词prices，同问题1，能不能根据后面句子的逻辑使WHICH修饰到chips。


然后问题2

我们知道WHICH是不能指代一整句话的，那么在这道题中这种名词性结构却附带了引起后文的原因中，WHICH指代能不能指代整个名词性结构所传达给读者的意思，也就是说如果这道题IS改成ARE虽然它不是最佳答案，但是它也不会有绝对的错误。因为OG并没有给出其他错误的原因

PS:我觉得这里which和IT那种完全指代不太一样。

DUKB24

跳跃指代没有所谓神马必要条件或者充要条件，从OG这些题可以看出，指代问题不是这些问题的唯一考点。。可以说明跳跃指代肯定不会作为唯一的考点..考试的时候通过比较其他的错误来衡量到底跳跃指代是不是最优的

zhengjiahan

这道题我一开始也不是很清楚，刚看了大家的讨论，渐渐有了点想法
我觉得如果将思考局限于跳跃指代就太局限了，考虑到的只是词与词之间的关系，是文字游戏。

真正的语法是为句意能够完整简洁的表述服务的，因此，我们可以从句意上看。

例如
在该题B项中，到底什么是由于过量供应引起的，是价格（prices）还是芯片（chips），还是电脑芯片价格下降这件事（plunging prices for computer chips），我想应该是最后者。然而，which在定从中修饰先行词，是一个词，我想这样能够解释吧


望指教

babybearmm

这里你提及的两道题的某错误选项，之所以错误，都是逻辑原因。为了方便网友，我贴原题吧。


126. The use of lie detectors is based on the assumption that lying produces emotional reactions in an individual
that, in turn, create unconscious physiological responses.
(A) that, in turn, create unconscious physiological responses
(B) that creates unconscious physiological responses in turn
(C) creating, in turn, unconscious physiological responses
(D) to create, in turn, physiological responses that are unconscious
(E) who creates unconscious physiological
responses in turn



这题你想说B对（“如果后面句子的逻辑说的通，因为这道题我就觉得B选项creates unconscious physiological responses修饰individual是完全解释的通的，B的错误OG的解释是create的主谓不一致，也就是说OG认为是不可能修饰individual”），而事实上OG强调的是cause-and-effect sequence （见OG第一段），那么这个逻辑关系就是：
lying -----> emotional reactions (in an individual) ------> unconscious physiological responses
而B的逻辑，是说an individual creates unconscious physiological responses
这不合逻辑，或者也可以说distort the intended meaning.
OG的解释，是在先明确了句子的逻辑关系之后，即明确了create "unconscious physiological responses"这个动作的主语必然是"emotional reactions (in an individual)"之后，再来说B存在的s-v agreeement的问题。




Because an oversupply of computer chips has sent prices plunging, the manufacturer has announced that
it will cut production by closing its factories for two days a month.
(A) Because an oversupply of computer chips has sent prices plunging,
(B) Because of plunging prices for computer chips, which is due to an oversupply,
(C) Because computer chip prices have been sent plunging, which resulted from an oversupply,

(D) Due to plunging computer chip prices from an oversupply,
(E) Due to an oversupply, with the result that computer chip prices have been sent plunging,



这题你提到的B选项之所以错，还是逻辑问题。到底作者表达的是什么意思？原因到底是什么？
是plunging prices这个东东？("because of plunging prices for computer chips")？
是oversupply？
还是这么一件事情： "an oversupply of computer chips has sent prices plunging" ？


Again, OG第一段说的很清楚：
This sentence describes a causal sequence of events: The oversupply of chips caused prices to plunge, which in turn caused the manufacturer to announce factory closings to cut production.

"OG给出的它错误的原因是is 和 prices主谓不一致，很明显which也是准确修饰到了核心词prices，同问题1，能不能根据后面句子的逻辑使WHICH修饰到chips。 "
你会发现OG的思路跟你不一样，OG是先搞明白作者要表达什么意思，然后才是这个意思该如何表达。比如这题，根据逻辑关系，是什么东东"which is due to oversupply"? 是chips本身么？显然不是。
所以你看(B)选项，
(B) Because of plunging prices for computer chips, which is due to an oversupply,
"which is due to an oversupply"从逻辑上根本就不可能描述的是chips，就哪怕是描述一个名词那也是描述的prices. 所以才说s-v agreement错误。

首先看OG121题126. The use of lie detectors is based on the assumption that lying produces emotional reactions in an individual that, in turn, create unconscious physiological responses.

  THAT在这道题里面是指代reactions的  这是因为 reactions in an individual中的in an individual是reactions的一个NOUN MODIFER，那么reactions就是这整个介词结构中的核心词，于是THAT可以指代跳跃in an individual指代reactions.

同理在OG106中的正确句子里

Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for private conversation that could substitute for the telephone; instead, it has become

  THAT跳跃修饰了tool这是因为 a tool for private conversation中的for private conversation是tool的一个NOUN MODIFER基本和上句的结构和指代关系是一致的。

再看一个OG解释直接给出证据的反例

OG107
正确：Originally developed for detecting air pollutants,a technique called proton-induced X-rayemission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,

    错误：A technique originally developed for detectingair pollutants, called proton-induced X-rayemission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,
OG里面的解释是在正确的句子中which正确指代了了a technique这是因为后面的called
proton-induced X-rayemission其实是分词结构做为 a technique的NOUNMODIFER所以which
跳跃指代了a technique，错误的选项中，OG给出的解释是WHICH修饰了X-rayemission，因为called短语已经没有紧跟A TECHNIQUE构成a technique called proton-induced X-rayemission 这样一个名词成分。



     那么问题来了。。也许是我没注意到。。 同志们别拍砖。。
    前面有名词性的短语是WHICH,THAT等跳跃修饰的必要条件还是充要条件……
如OG106里produces emotional reactions in an individual that，这个that能不能或者在什么情况下能直接指代individual，如果后面句子的逻辑说的通，因为这道题我就觉得B选项creates unconscious physiological responses修饰individual是完全解释的通的，B的错误OG的解释是create的主谓不一致，也就是说OG认为是不可能修饰individual



同样OG里面还有个例子附带问题2.。。。。
33.    OG33  Because an oversuoply of computer chips has sentprices plunging, the manufacturer has announced that it will cut production by closing its factories for two days a month.这是正确句子

错误句子：
Because of plunging prices for computer chips,
which is due to an oversupply,
OG给出的它错误的原因是is 和 prices主谓不一致，很明显which也是准确修饰到了核心词prices，同问题1，能不能根据后面句子的逻辑使WHICH修饰到chips。


然后问题2

我们知道WHICH是不能指代一整句话的，那么在这道题中这种名词性结构却附带了引起后文的原因中，WHICH指代能不能指代整个名词性结构所传达给读者的意思，也就是说如果这道题IS改成ARE虽然它不是最佳答案，但是它也不会有绝对的错误。因为OG并没有给出其他错误的原因

PS:我觉得这里which和IT那种完全指代不太一样。

-- by 会员 2881665 (2012/5/22 17:23:31)

babybearmm

这道题我一开始也不是很清楚，刚看了大家的讨论，渐渐有了点想法
我觉得如果将思考局限于跳跃指代就太局限了，考虑到的只是词与词之间的关系，是文字游戏。

真正的语法是为句意能够完整简洁的表述服务的，因此，我们可以从句意上看。

例如
在该题B项中，到底什么是由于过量供应引起的，是价格（prices）还是芯片（chips），还是电脑芯片价格下降这件事（plunging prices for computer chips），我想应该是最后者。然而，which在定从中修饰先行词，是一个词，我想这样能够解释吧


望指教

-- by 会员 zhengjiahan (2012/7/30 0:08:52)

赞~~

sbyangyi

这里你提及的两道题的某错误选项，之所以错误，都是逻辑原因。为了方便网友，我贴原题吧。


126. The use of lie detectors is based on the assumption that lying produces emotional reactions in an individual
that, in turn, create unconscious physiological responses.
(A) that, in turn, create unconscious physiological responses
(B) that creates unconscious physiological responses in turn
(C) creating, in turn, unconscious physiological responses
(D) to create, in turn, physiological responses that are unconscious
(E) who creates unconscious physiological
responses in turn



这题你想说B对（“如果后面句子的逻辑说的通，因为这道题我就觉得B选项creates unconscious physiological responses修饰individual是完全解释的通的，B的错误OG的解释是create的主谓不一致，也就是说OG认为是不可能修饰individual”），而事实上OG强调的是cause-and-effect sequence （见OG第一段），那么这个逻辑关系就是：
lying -----> emotional reactions (in an individual) ------> unconscious physiological responses
而B的逻辑，是说an individual creates unconscious physiological responses
这不合逻辑，或者也可以说distort the intended meaning.
OG的解释，是在先明确了句子的逻辑关系之后，即明确了create "unconscious physiological responses"这个动作的主语必然是"emotional reactions (in an individual)"之后，再来说B存在的s-v agreeement的问题。




Because an oversupply of computer chips has sent prices plunging, the manufacturer has announced that
it will cut production by closing its factories for two days a month.
(A) Because an oversupply of computer chips has sent prices plunging,
(B) Because of plunging prices for computer chips, which is due to an oversupply,
(C) Because computer chip prices have been sent plunging, which resulted from an oversupply,

(D) Due to plunging computer chip prices from an oversupply,
(E) Due to an oversupply, with the result that computer chip prices have been sent plunging,



这题你提到的B选项之所以错，还是逻辑问题。到底作者表达的是什么意思？原因到底是什么？
是plunging prices这个东东？("because of plunging prices for computer chips")？
是oversupply？
还是这么一件事情： "an oversupply of computer chips has sent prices plunging" ？


Again, OG第一段说的很清楚：
This sentence describes a causal sequence of events: The oversupply of chips caused prices to plunge, which in turn caused the manufacturer to announce factory closings to cut production.

"OG给出的它错误的原因是is 和 prices主谓不一致，很明显which也是准确修饰到了核心词prices，同问题1，能不能根据后面句子的逻辑使WHICH修饰到chips。 "
你会发现OG的思路跟你不一样，OG是先搞明白作者要表达什么意思，然后才是这个意思该如何表达。比如这题，根据逻辑关系，是什么东东"which is due to oversupply"? 是chips本身么？显然不是。
所以你看(B)选项，
(B) Because of plunging prices for computer chips, which is due to an oversupply,
"which is due to an oversupply"从逻辑上根本就不可能描述的是chips，就哪怕是描述一个名词那也是描述的prices. 所以才说s-v agreement错误。

首先看OG121题126. The use of lie detectors is based on the assumption that lying produces emotional reactions in an individual that, in turn, create unconscious physiological responses.

  THAT在这道题里面是指代reactions的  这是因为 reactions in an individual中的in an individual是reactions的一个NOUN MODIFER，那么reactions就是这整个介词结构中的核心词，于是THAT可以指代跳跃in an individual指代reactions.

同理在OG106中的正确句子里

Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for private conversation that could substitute for the telephone; instead, it has become

  THAT跳跃修饰了tool这是因为 a tool for private conversation中的for private conversation是tool的一个NOUN MODIFER基本和上句的结构和指代关系是一致的。

再看一个OG解释直接给出证据的反例

OG107
正确：Originally developed for detecting air pollutants,a technique called proton-induced X-rayemission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,

    错误：A technique originally developed for detectingair pollutants, called proton-induced X-rayemission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,
OG里面的解释是在正确的句子中which正确指代了了a technique这是因为后面的called
proton-induced X-rayemission其实是分词结构做为 a technique的NOUNMODIFER所以which
跳跃指代了a technique，错误的选项中，OG给出的解释是WHICH修饰了X-rayemission，因为called短语已经没有紧跟A TECHNIQUE构成a technique called proton-induced X-rayemission 这样一个名词成分。



     那么问题来了。。也许是我没注意到。。 同志们别拍砖。。
    前面有名词性的短语是WHICH,THAT等跳跃修饰的必要条件还是充要条件……
如OG106里produces emotional reactions in an individual that，这个that能不能或者在什么情况下能直接指代individual，如果后面句子的逻辑说的通，因为这道题我就觉得B选项creates unconscious physiological responses修饰individual是完全解释的通的，B的错误OG的解释是create的主谓不一致，也就是说OG认为是不可能修饰individual



同样OG里面还有个例子附带问题2.。。。。
33.    OG33  Because an oversuoply of computer chips has sentprices plunging, the manufacturer has announced that it will cut production by closing its factories for two days a month.这是正确句子

错误句子：
Because of plunging prices for computer chips,
which is due to an oversupply,
OG给出的它错误的原因是is 和 prices主谓不一致，很明显which也是准确修饰到了核心词prices，同问题1，能不能根据后面句子的逻辑使WHICH修饰到chips。


然后问题2

我们知道WHICH是不能指代一整句话的，那么在这道题中这种名词性结构却附带了引起后文的原因中，WHICH指代能不能指代整个名词性结构所传达给读者的意思，也就是说如果这道题IS改成ARE虽然它不是最佳答案，但是它也不会有绝对的错误。因为OG并没有给出其他错误的原因

PS:我觉得这里which和IT那种完全指代不太一样。

-- by 会员 2881665 (2012/5/22 17:23:31)

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/7/30 16:41:51)

感谢解释！终于明白了