OG12 51关于插入语的问题，以前没有注意过啊还真

zhongshanlh

亲，我不是很确定我是不是明白了你的问题，不过尝试回答一下，欢迎讨论啊！

我觉得插入语再句子中，总是以一种独立的身份存在的，发在前面通常没什么语法关系，所以通常可以直接忽略掉，你给的linkage里面的同学也总结了“插入语在句中有时是对一句话的一些附加解释、说明或总结；有时表达说话者的态度和看法；有时起强调的作用；有时是为了引起对方的注意；还可以起转移话题或说明事由的作用；也可以承上启下，使句子衔接得更紧密一些。”嗯，这里是对插入语作用的描述，同意这里的说法，插入语的功能很广泛，既可以作为一种同位语解释前面的名词或者句子，也可以放在两个句子之间来表明前后两个句子之间的逻辑关系，此处同意

我们常见到的插入语的形式有adj. adv. 分词、不定式,名词,还有Ron举得那种半截的"some scientists have said"。adj. adv. 分词、不定式我觉得一般都可以直接忽略，因为他们都是做的是修饰成分，也就是有没有都不会产生语法上的影响，名词的话，我就倾向于把他理解成同位语去理解。
嗯，这里也同意，插入语是名词性成分的时候至少我印象中也是绝大多数都是同位语，用于解释前面紧跟的名词性成分或者是概括前面的整个句子（一个小问题是这种情况下作为同位语的名词能不能只是之前前面某个句子中的一个动词+宾语的结构？因为我在其他某个帖子里问过这个问题，后来一直没有回复，给忘掉是哪个帖子了，容我再找找，但是我记得根据那个题目，是不能的....)
当adv /介词短语 等可以做adverbial modifier的成分做插入语的时候有些时候是描述的前后两句的关系，有些时候是补充说明其所在的句子中某个动作发出的方式啊时间等等，我感觉基本都是充当一个状语的角色等等（这里是凭感觉说的，因为题目太多了，肯定得具体题目具体分析...你明白意思就好....)
Ron举得那种半截的"some scientists have said"让我想到了夹心修饰。不知道你还记不记得OG-118：

The World Wildlife Fund has declared that global warming, a phenomenon most scientists agree to be caused bv human beings in burning fossil fuels, will create havoc among migratory birds by altering the environment in ways harmful to their habitats.
这题C是正确答案。
（c）a phenomenon that most scientists agree is caused by human beings' burning of fossil fuels,
我觉得C其实可以这样改一下：a phenomenon that , most scientists agree, is caused by human beings' burning of fossil fuels,
在原句的基础上加两个comma，你在对比一下Ron的例子，是不是就明白了一点什么呢？
再看回51题的A：
A. it hampers the ability of some children for distinguishing discrete sounds and words and, the result is, to make
to make就做了the resule is的表语了，the result在逻辑上应该是指前面的inability to distinguish。
嗯，我明白你的解析。
话题道这里，就开始略微小复杂了（哈哈...)
首先是第一点，关于OG118这个题目，这个语法点叫什么什么的咱不用关系，咱只要知道的是如果一个定从中夹着一个宾从，那么这个关系代词that是可以共用并且不能省略
第二点就是承接上面的讨论的插入语，我也认为一般情况下插入语的作用就是表面咱们上面讨论的那些个作用，并且，插入语应当同其所在的句子中的其他成分不发生语法关系，它自己是个独立的内容，这也就是为什么经常做题的时候说的一看到两个逗号之间夹了一堆插入语经常就直接删掉了。
但是在这个题目中，这个the result is这个插入语的结构是个主谓结构，然后我们再结合Ron的解释“"you can't insert "the result is" as a parenthetical. if you're ever going to use this sort of parenthetical, it should be an attribution ("..., some scientists have said, ...")"”
我得出的想法就是如果我们使用这种主谓（或者这种主系 ，whatever就这种半截子的结构的话)那么这个插入语就要跟其后面的成分发生语法上的联系了，什么意思呢，核心点也就是Ron解释中的这个“attribution”归属、属性。
举例子，比如你说的把118这个句子中改为这个形式：a phenomenon that , most scientists agree, is caused by human beings' burning of fossil fuels，这个插入语most scientists agree后面这一段话其实就是scientists agree 的内容，即“归属于”scientists这个动作的。
再来看这个让俺纠结的51题，如果上面俺自己说的这一大通没有错误的话（纯粹是我自己乱想来想去不知道能不能说通的一个说法...），那么the result is 后面的这段话“to make...”其实就是 这个result了。
那么这样来看，我目前的感觉是如果插入语的结构是这种半截句子的结构的话（主谓或者主系），那么好像紧跟这个插入语的成分就是在语法上补充这个插入语来使得这个插入语结构完整了。
当然以上这些纯粹是自己的猜想，不知道是不是这样子的，我在Manhattan forum里面也留了言，不知道Ron大神会不会回复....或者1年后会不会理一下...
咱先继续讨论着这个问题

-- by 会员 teddybearj4 (2012/5/9 20:04:48)

-- by 会员 zhongshanlh (2012/5/9 21:11:18)

我同意你以上说法呀~~

-- by 会员 teddybearj4 (2012/5/9 23:40:23)

话说我刚刚自己总结了上面的东西，在看prep的一道题目的时候就感觉总结的ms不太对了。。。。oh my god。。。
200. (T-3-Q14)
A scrub jay can rememberwhen it cached a particular piece of food in a particular place, researchershave discovered, and tend not to bother to recover a perishable treat ifstored long enough to have rotted.
A.    tend not to bother to recover a perishable treat if
B.    they tend not to bother recovering a perishable treat
C.    tending not to bother to recover a perishable treat it
D.     tends not to botherrecovering a perishable treat      (D)
E.    tends not bothering to recover a perishable treat it
这道题目中，你看，中间的插入语也是个主谓结构，但是再分析过程中没有对其进行任何的考虑。。。。。
这里这个插入语与这个帖子中原始问题的一个小差别就是and的位置，一个是放在前半个主语中，而这道题放在后半个主句中，哎，又略凌乱了。。。。

zhongshanlh

http://www.manhattangmat.com/forums/sc-usage-of-infinitive-vs-gerund-t616.html
这里有对涉及到一些解释

teddybearj4

本来想给你回答的，但是敲了一点发现我也凌乱了…………同求解释…………

zhongshanlh

这个又沉了，顶一下

jetyxo

看到楼上热烈的讨论，我也说说自己的看法：
A 中the result is，to make... 这里暂且视为主谓结构的插入语，就是上面讨论的“半截子结构”的吧，通常插入语应该后前后分句不发生关系的，也就是可以在句中直接忽略的，但是这里 如果我们将“the result is to make..."完全可以make sense,所以OG说在这里，“the result is..." make a new clause.
再看C， "the result of this，they are unable to make"先不论this是否可以单独指代，如果我们把这两句话用一个谓语连接起来变成“the result of this is that they are unable to make...”也可以make sense，因此OG说，这里也是a new clause but need a verb.
而这个例子中：A scrub jay can rememberwhen it cached a particular piece of food in a particular place, researchershave discovered, and tend not to bother to recover a perishable treat ifstored long enough to have rotted.
如果我们把“researchers have discovered "视为一个新的主谓成分，那我们试着将它与后半部分联系起来看看：researchers have discovered and tend not to ... discover what?和tend to 平行？都不make sense啊，所以在这里是独立的插入语成分，无另外的意思；
这句话中：a phenomenon that most scientists agree is caused by human beings' burning of fossil fuels
 zhangshanlh也说了，应该是两个成分同时修饰phenomenon，共用一个that

 一点想法，继续讨论哈

jetyxo

受到Ron的启发，发现200. (T-3-Q14)这个例子可以写成：
Reseachers have discovered that{ A scrub jay can remember when... and tend not to ...}
换成插入语的方式来表达就是把括号里的宾语从句变成独立的主句，去掉that就是：
A scrub jay can remember when..., reseachers have discovered, and tend not to...

呜...不知道这么总结主谓结构的插入语成分对不对，大家一起来讨论下吧

jeffery2541

嗯，因为X of Y 是X position Y的一种情况之一，但是从含以上看，of一般表示的是X是Y的一个组成部分（我们可以理解为of Y就是一个所谓的mission critical modifier），所以用which指代的时候，严格从句意上来看的话，一般咱们都说的是Y中的X怎么怎么了，也是把X of Y视为一个整体。
对于其他介词，其实道理跟上面的X position Y是相同的，既然后面的的介词成分是mission critical modifier，那么我们如果想指代前面的X的话，理所应当的应当把对X进行限定性修饰的成分也一起包含在内，所以我觉得很多时候，X position Y的结构都是指代的整个的整体。
不知道说明白了否，tx有啥看法呐？

今天没事了翻Manhattan论坛，看到Ron的一段话，我突然脑子不知道怎么回事就想起来这个帖子了，，，真的是好久了，，，不知道为什么会想起来这个，，，
if you have "X of Y, which..."
then:
* if Y works as the antecedent of "which", then "which" should stand for Y.
* if Y doesn't work as the antecedent, but "X of Y" DOES work, then "which" can stand for "X of Y".

还有LZ我看到你以前的帖子了，这句话的意思是不是说which其实可以指代X OF Y这个意群呢？
我又搜了搜Ron的解释：
if you have "X + preposition + Y, which..."
then:
* if Y works (in terms of both grammar and common sense) as the antecedent of "which", then "which" should stand for Y.
* if Y doesn't work as the antecedent, but "X + prep + Y" DOES work, then "which" can stand for "X (+ prep + Y)".（这次Ron加了括号····）
这个是不是说其实which还是在指代X这个NOUN，因为prep+y实际上是作为一个adj/adv去修饰X的，我又查了一遍Manhattan,它对which用法的解释是：use which only to refer to the noun immediately preceding it ,这里的noun指的就是这个X吧，把prep+y看做一个后置的modifier，而不是指代X + prep + Y这several nouns 吧···

-- by 会员 llssyy93 (2012/5/5 18:28:35)

-- by 会员 zhongshanlh (2012/5/7 10:54:36)

我看bat写过一个东西就是说which指代问题的，好像和Ron说的不太一样。。。。。我疑惑了
which指代的三种情况：
1、紧邻修饰
一般情况下，“名词，which”中的which是就近修饰紧邻的名词的。这种例子多的不胜枚举。
一般例子就不用举了，只举个比较特别例子“A of B, which”（注：这里的of表示从属关系）
1，The commission proposed that funding for development of the park, which could be open to the public early next year, be obtained through a local bond issue.

2,Construction of the Roman Colosseum, which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D.69, during the reign of Vespasian, and was completed the Colosseum with a one-hundred-day cycle of religious pageants, gladitorial games, and spectacles.

Flavian Amphitheatre：福雷维安圆形剧场

3，In laboratory rats, a low dose of aspirin usually suffices to block production of thromboxane, a substance that promotes blood clotting, but does not seriously interfere with the production of prostacyclin, which prevents clotting.
thromboxane [生化]凝血噁烷，凝栓质，血栓素。阿斯匹林可以阻止血小板生成凝血恶烷

prostacyclin n.【生物化学、药物】环前列腺素，前列腺环素,
4，The survival of coral colonies, which are composed of innumerable tiny polyps living in a symbiotic relationship with brilliantly colored algae, is being threatened, experts say, not only by pollutants such as agricultural runoff, oil slicks, and trash, but also by dropped anchors, probing divers, and global warming.,
5，In attempting to solve the problems caused by a lowering of the price of oil, oil companies operating in the North Sea have taken a variety of approaches, which include reducing employment, using new technology to pump oil more efficiently from smaller fields, and finding innovative ways to cut the cost of building and operating platforms.,
这些例子都能说明从属关系“A of B，which”中的which就近修饰紧邻的名词B。但是需要注意的是，在“SVO,which”句型中，如果which指代S一定错误，which如果指代主语，这样使用:s+verb,which
2、跳跃修饰
在前有“核心词+介词、分词等修饰结构”或者插入语的情况下，which跳跃修饰前面的核心词，不能修饰紧邻的名词。
下面是几个例子：
From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.

(A)baggage so light

(B) baggage being so light
(C) baggage, yet being so light
(D) baggage, and so light
(E) baggage yet was so light

答案：E
这句话的which离其所应该修饰的核心词canoe很远，中间隔了一个插入语，还隔了个介词结构about…，但只要知道核心词是canoe就能一目了然找到which应该指的是什么。这里不能修饰紧邻的名词cedar。
OG12-26

Emily Dickinson’s letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumbering her letters to anyone else.

A,Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumbering

B,Dickinson were written over a period that begins a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ended shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber

C,Dickinson, written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and that ends shortly before Emily’s death in 1886and outnumbering

D,Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother, ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, and outnumbering

E,Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber
这句话的which不能修饰其紧邻的名词Susan Huntington Dickinson，必须跳过介词结构to…，修饰核心词letter。
Unlike most other mergers in the utility industry, which have been driven by the need to save money and extend companies’ service areas, the merger of the nation’s leading gas company and leading electric company is intended to create a huge network for marketing the utilities in question as states open their utility markets to competition.
这句话的which不能修饰其紧邻的名词utility industry，必须跳过介词结构in…，修饰核心词merger。
In order to protect English manufacturers of woolen goods against both American and Irish competition, England

passed the Woolens Act of 1698, which prohibited the export of woolen cloth beyond a colony's borders.
这里的which不能修饰紧邻的1698，必须跳过介词结构of 1968修饰前面的核心词act。有人这里会说这不是A of B，which吗？which应该紧邻修饰啊？其实不然，因为of 1968和前面的那些A of B实际上用法不一样，这里是表示时间而不是“从属关系”。这个时间应该归在介词结构一类，所以要跳过。
One pervasive theory explains the introduction of breakfast cereals in the early 1900s as a result of the growing number of automobiles, which led to a decline in horse ownership and a subsequent grain glut
Glut n. （商品）供过于求；大量
The Forbidden City in Beijing
, from which the emperors ruled by heavenly mandate, was a site which no commoner or foreigner could enter without permission, on pain of death.
on pain of违者以…论处
OG12SC107
Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, is finding uses in medicine, archaeology, and criminology.
(A) Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,
(B) Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, having the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission
(C) A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,
(D) A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray emission, which has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying it,
(E) A technique that was originally developed for detecting air pollutants and has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying the substance, called proton- induced X-ray emission,
答案（A）
答案中which发生跳跃指代，而且emission不处于介词短语中，这句话的which不能修饰其紧邻的名词emission，必须跳过分词修饰结构called …，修饰核心词technique。

注意这不是 SVO,which指代S了而是called proton-induced X-ray emission分词形式做后置修饰定语。

GWD-10-Q2: GWD-11-10
Marconi’s conception of the radio was as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation; instead, it is precisely the opposite, a tool for communicating with a large, public audience.
A,Marconi’s conception of the radio was as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation; instead, it is
B,Marconi conceived of the radio as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation, but which is
C,Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for private conversation that could substitute for the telephone; instead, it has become
D,Marconi conceived of the radio to be a tool for private conversation, a substitute for the telephone, which has become
E,Marconi conceived of the radio to be a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation, other than what it is,
答案为C。 B为啥不好？

因为选B会有which修饰telephone的错误，which应该修饰radio的。虽然which可以跳跃，但是逻辑上都可以完成从句动作的时候，应该是就近优先的，即使逻辑上完成不了从句的动作，跳跃也难保不会被判错，所以尽可能不跳跃修饰。GMAT题干中曾经用到可以跳跃的which，which跳跃是可以接受的，但是正确选项中很少出现过which跳跃修饰的情况，几乎都被其他结构替代了，这说明如果有可以替代的正确选项，那么尽量不要选跳跃修饰的which，因为可能有歧义。
C可以避免歧义，it一般不指代介词短语中的名词，优先指代主语，如果主语是人或者复数不能指代，则指代宾语，我不知道这题的radio还算不算宾语，但是至少你读出这个句子的时候，它确实相当于一个宾语，至少算一个核心词。
目前只见过A of B/A in B，which可以指代A，主要都发生在介词短语中。A选项可以我理解是因为CALLED从句表达的只是tech的另一个名字而已，本质上是同一东西，指代谁逻辑上都没有歧义。目前我找到的which强悍地跳跃，无视前面的名词的非常少，而且基本都不出现在选项中，都是未画线部分。但是，可以跳跃不是意味着必定跳跃，当which前面有很多个名词的时候，不是只要有一个正确，which就会自动地正确地指代到那个词的。相反，GMAT会优先判断这是修饰混乱。所以，最好不要有跳跃指代，如果非跳不可，最好是使用单复数区分which的指代词。
归纳一下，会发现which之所以要跳过介词结构是因为：其原本应该紧邻所修饰的核心名词，但是因为which的内容太长，而介词、分词等修饰结构又很短，所以把which结构后置了。





我粘过来了，大家看看吧~~~继续疑惑中。。。。。

zhongshanlh

受到Ron的启发，发现200. (T-3-Q14)这个例子可以写成：
Reseachers have discovered that{ A scrub jay can remember when... and tend not to ...}
换成插入语的方式来表达就是把括号里的宾语从句变成独立的主句，去掉that就是：
A scrub jay can remember when..., reseachers have discovered, and tend not to...

呜...不知道这么总结主谓结构的插入语成分对不对，大家一起来讨论下吧

-- by 会员 jetyxo (2012/6/5 10:43:05)

好久没看自己的帖子了，这么说对于这种主谓（主系）结构的插入语，我们要看他放在原文中原来的位置的时候跟其后面紧跟的成分时候搭配在一起能make sense，如果能的话，那么我们就要注意这里这个插入语会不会引起歧义或者造成意思的改变了