OGQ91、92. 主语位置的指代是强指代，这一点只适用于平行结构吗？~

半阙

OG11 Q91、The Senate approved immigration legislation that would grant permanent residency to millions of aliens currently residing here and if employers hired illegal aliens they would be penalized.

(A) if employers hired illegal aliens they would be penalized

(B) hiring illegal aliens would be a penalty for employers

(C) penalize employers who hire illegal aliens

(D) penalizing employers hiring illegal aliens

(E) employers to be penalized for hiring illegal aliens



答案：C

关于A选项OG解释说：The provisions are not stated in parallel ways; it is unclear whether employers or illegal aliens would be penalized

就是说they指代有歧义，可能指代employers 和aliens。Manhattan说，在平行结构中，主语位置的指代是强指代。我想问的是，这一点只适用于平行结构么？像这样的主句与从句的主语位置指代就不是强指代了么？

还有一点，我觉得C也有问题，The senate approved immigration legislation that….and (that)…..我记得这个that最好不省略的。难道是OG11中有些条款现在不适用？望NN指教~~


Q92、. Despite protests from some waste-disposal companies, state health officials have ordered the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches to be measured and that the results be published.

(A) the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches to be measured and that the results be

(B) that seawater at popular beaches should be measured for their levels of bacteria, with the results being

(C) the measure of levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches and the results to be

(D) seawater measured at popular beaches for levels of bacteria, with their results

(E) that the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches be measured and the results

答案：E

OG说：For the sake of conciseness, that and be are not repeated.

同样，个人觉得E选项the results 前的that最好不省略。还有这里be published的be的省略我不大清楚，个人还是觉得不省略更加清楚。

欢迎拍砖~~~

babybearmm

第一题的句子主干是这样的：
The Senate approved legislation that would grant ___ and penalize ___.
See? 标记的两部分是平行关系，所以压根就不关"that"的事儿。

逻辑问题是最主要的问题。当你读懂了这句话的意思，你就知道必须写成... would grant ___ and penalize ___
直接就C了。

pronoun ambiguity的问题，往往伴随其他更严重的逻辑问题一起出现。所以我不会拿我眼里的pronoun ambiguity作为唯一的cutoff criteria. 但就这题来说，A确实存在pronoun ambiguity，因为逻辑上they指代employers或者aliens都make sense。要说语法，整个pronoun这部分，绝对的语法规则，有且仅有2条：
1. the antecedent must exist
2. the pronoun and its antecedent must agree in number
所以至于你说的“在平行结构中，主语位置的指代是强指代”，这仅仅是preference，或者称为统计学规律，绝不是absolute rule.
除了以上两条absolute rules，其他都靠逻辑去解决。

如果你需要一个反例，here it is
Christlers, the famous art house in London, owns several Hussains of various periods on account of having achieved an iconic status in the English art circle.
(A) on account of having
(B) on account of their having
(C) because they have
(D) because of having
(E) because it has

http://www.beatthegmat.com/pronoun-reference-t99635.html
还有些反例包括关于pronoun的讨论在我的日记贴里

第二题
"还有这里be published的be的省略我不大清楚"
Please refer to http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_Preparation/thread-646901-75-1.html   #747

关于that，第一个that肯定必须有，后面的是否省略？看句型。
比如很典型的不省略的例子，著名的独立宣言：
We hold these truths to be self-evident,
that all men are created equal,
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights,
that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
如果省掉"that"你读读，自己都能感觉到不顺口，对不对？

OG92这样的省略that的例子太常见了。其实这根本不算是省略，你想成平行：
Officials have ordered that A do X and B do Y.
这里A do X 和 B do Y 平行，用and连接，done! 根本不关"that"的事儿

OG11 Q91、The Senate approved immigration legislation that would grant permanent residency to millions of aliens currently residing here and if employers hired illegal aliens they would be penalized.

(A) if employers hired illegal aliens they would be penalized

(B) hiring illegal aliens would be a penalty for employers

(C) penalize employers who hire illegal aliens

(D) penalizing employers hiring illegal aliens

(E) employers to be penalized for hiring illegal aliens



答案：C

关于A选项OG解释说：The provisions are not stated in parallel ways; it is unclear whether employers or illegal aliens would be penalized

就是说they指代有歧义，可能指代employers 和aliens。Manhattan说，在平行结构中，主语位置的指代是强指代。我想问的是，这一点只适用于平行结构么？像这样的主句与从句的主语位置指代就不是强指代了么？

还有一点，我觉得C也有问题，The senate approved immigration legislation that….and (that)…..我记得这个that最好不省略的。难道是OG11中有些条款现在不适用？望NN指教~~


Q92、. Despite protests from some waste-disposal companies, state health officials have ordered the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches to be measured and that the results be published.

(A) the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches to be measured and that the results be

(B) that seawater at popular beaches should be measured for their levels of bacteria, with the results being

(C) the measure of levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches and the results to be

(D) seawater measured at popular beaches for levels of bacteria, with their results

(E) that the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches be measured and the results

答案：E

OG说：For the sake of conciseness, that and be are not repeated.

同样，个人觉得E选项the results 前的that最好不省略。还有这里be published的be的省略我不大清楚，个人还是觉得不省略更加清楚。

欢迎拍砖~~~

-- by 会员 半阙 (2012/3/21 16:54:32)

babybearmm

“在平行结构中，主语位置的指代是强指代。”

代词指代的问题一定是从逻辑意思出发，语法上只能说有constraints（例如不可能指代不存在的东东，也不可能用it指代人，用they指代Tom），但语法绝不是deciding factor.

She has finished the first half of the task, and Mary has finished the second.
这句话，是and连接的平行结构，但从意思上我们可以读出: She绝不可能是Mary，而是另一个人。
这就是逻辑，case-by-case logic。
你不能因为平行，就得出she=Mary.

clairexuan9

[quote]
“在平行结构中，主语位置的指代是强指代。”

代词指代的问题一定是从逻辑意思出发，语法上只能说有constraints（例如不可能指代不存在的东东，也不可能用it指代人，用they指代Tom），但语法绝不是deciding factor.

She has finished the first half of the task, and Mary has finished the second.
这句话，是and连接的平行结构，但从意思上我们可以读出: She绝不可能是Mary，而是另一个人。
这就是逻辑，case-by-case logic。
你不能因为平行，就得出she=Mary.

同意，其实真正GMAT的语法也不是100%的严密，就像他们也有很多语感和习惯用法在里面，毕竟语言是活的。就像这道题如果在考试中出现了，立马就反映出是考的平型结构。那么就找哪两个是平行，谓语啊，名词啊，然后根据选项排除，就可以选出正确答案。更多的也还是要理解句子的意思，也会更容易的帮助选出正确答案。真正考试如果死扣这些语法点儿，那么每一道题都会有漏洞的....

半阙

第一题的句子主干是这样的：
The Senate approved legislation that would grant ___andpenalize ___.
See? 标记的两部分是平行关系，所以压根就不关"that"的事儿。

逻辑问题是最主要的问题。当你读懂了这句话的意思，你就知道必须写成... would grant ___andpenalize ___
直接就C了。

pronoun ambiguity的问题，往往伴随其他更严重的逻辑问题一起出现。所以我不会拿我眼里的pronoun ambiguity作为唯一的cutoff criteria. 但就这题来说，A确实存在pronoun ambiguity，因为逻辑上they指代employers或者aliens都make sense。要说语法，整个pronoun这部分，绝对的语法规则，有且仅有2条：
1. the antecedent must exist
2. the pronoun and its antecedent must agree in number
所以至于你说的“在平行结构中，主语位置的指代是强指代”，这仅仅是preference，或者称为统计学规律，绝不是absolute rule.
除了以上两条absolute rules，其他都靠逻辑去解决。

如果你需要一个反例，here it is
Christlers, the famous art house in London, owns several Hussains of various periods on account of having achieved an iconic status in the English art circle.
(A) on account of having
(B) on account of their having
(C) because they have
(D) because of having
(E) because it has

http://www.beatthegmat.com/pronoun-reference-t99635.html
还有些反例包括关于pronoun的讨论在我的日记贴里

第二题
"还有这里be published的be的省略我不大清楚"
Please refer to http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_Preparation/thread-646901-75-1.html   #747

关于that，第一个that肯定必须有，后面的是否省略？看句型。
比如很典型的不省略的例子，著名的独立宣言：
We hold these truths to be self-evident,
that all men are created equal,
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights,
that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
如果省掉"that"你读读，自己都能感觉到不顺口，对不对？

OG92这样的省略that的例子太常见了。其实这根本不算是省略，你想成平行：
Officials have ordered that A do X and B do Y.
这里A do X 和 B do Y 平行，用and连接，done! 根本不关"that"的事儿

OG11 Q91、The Senate approved immigration legislation that would grant permanent residency to millions of aliens currently residing here and if employers hired illegal aliens they would be penalized.

(A) if employers hired illegal aliens they would be penalized

(B) hiring illegal aliens would be a penalty for employers

(C) penalize employers who hire illegal aliens

(D) penalizing employers hiring illegal aliens

(E) employers to be penalized for hiring illegal aliens



答案：C

关于A选项OG解释说：The provisions are not stated in parallel ways; it is unclear whether employers or illegal aliens would be penalized

就是说they指代有歧义，可能指代employers 和aliens。Manhattan说，在平行结构中，主语位置的指代是强指代。我想问的是，这一点只适用于平行结构么？像这样的主句与从句的主语位置指代就不是强指代了么？

还有一点，我觉得C也有问题，The senate approved immigration legislation that….and (that)…..我记得这个that最好不省略的。难道是OG11中有些条款现在不适用？望NN指教~~


Q92、. Despite protests from some waste-disposal companies, state health officials have ordered the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches to be measured and that the results be published.

(A) the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches to be measured and that the results be

(B) that seawater at popular beaches should be measured for their levels of bacteria, with the results being

(C) the measure of levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches and the results to be

(D) seawater measured at popular beaches for levels of bacteria, with their results

(E) that the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches be measured and the results

答案：E

OG说：For the sake of conciseness, that and be are not repeated.

同样，个人觉得E选项the results 前的that最好不省略。还有这里be published的be的省略我不大清楚，个人还是觉得不省略更加清楚。

欢迎拍砖~~~

-- by 会员 半阙 (2012/3/21 16:54:32)

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/3/21 18:45:51)

    谢谢baby姐指点~~但我还是觉得在上面那个句子中that不省略比较好~~看OG12 Q80：
A report by the American Academy for the
Advancement of Science has concluded that much
of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North
Americans are exposed comes from the incineration
of wastes.
(A) much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to
which North Americans are exposed comes
(B) much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins that
North Americans are exposed to come
(C) much of the dioxins that are currently
uncontrolled and that North Americans are
exposed to comes
(D) many of the dioxins that are currently
uncontrolled and North Americans are exposed
to come
(E) many of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to
which North Americans are exposed come

D选项就解释说： to maintain the parallel in this construction, that would have to be repeated in the clause that North Americans are exposed to.

关于省略的确是很活的知识点，原则上只要没有歧义都可以省略。但是想平行从句中that的省略还真不多见。baby姐来看看呀~~

半阙

“在平行结构中，主语位置的指代是强指代。”

代词指代的问题一定是从逻辑意思出发，语法上只能说有constraints（例如不可能指代不存在的东东，也不可能用it指代人，用they指代Tom），但语法绝不是deciding factor.

She has finished the first half of the task, and Mary has finished the second.
这句话，是and连接的平行结构，但从意思上我们可以读出: She绝不可能是Mary，而是另一个人。
这就是逻辑，case-by-case logic。
你不能因为平行，就得出she=Mary.

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/3/21 18:55:33)

baby姐的思维都北美化了~~打算以后不懂的就去跟你的神帖咯，真正的神帖啊！！！

babybearmm

Regarding your "dioxins" question, the key problem with D is: you absolutely do NOT want to use "and"!!!!
You have to use structures like "currently uncontrolled dioxins to which Americans are exposed ...".
If you don't understand this, please be sure to check out Ron's most two recent lectures on the usage of "and".
http://www.manhattangmat.com/thursdays-with-ron.cfm
Also see here for Ron's explanation to this question
http://www.manhattangmat.com/forums/sc-a-report-by-the-american-academy-for-the-advancement-t7508.html

Again, the issue is parallelism. You misunderstand the point here.
Ron:
basically, it's ok to omit "that" if the sentence is still legitimately parallel without it.
for instance:
food that is nutritious for cats but that is poisonous for dogs
food that is nutritious for cats but is poisonous for dogs
food that is nutritious for cats but poisonous for dogs
all correct.

D选项就解释说： to maintain the parallel in this construction, that would have to be repeated in the clause that North Americans are exposed to.
问题就出在这里，这两者根本就不平行！！！
many of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled
这里that指代主语: the dioxins are currently uncontrolled
(many of the dioxins) that North Americans are exposed to
这里that指代宾语: North Americans are exposed to the dioxins
所以，从逻辑上，从语法上，两者根本就不平行！

另外就是Ron说的，这个表达本身就不对 (many of the dioxins) that North Americans are exposed to
应该是(many of the dioxins) to which North Americans are exposed

    谢谢baby姐指点~~但我还是觉得在上面那个句子中that不省略比较好~~看OG12 Q80：
A report by the American Academy for the
Advancement of Science has concluded that much
of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North
Americans are exposed comes from the incineration
of wastes.
(A) much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to
which North Americans are exposed comes
(B) much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins that
North Americans are exposed to come
(C) much of the dioxins that are currently
uncontrolled and that North Americans are
exposed to comes
(D) many of the dioxins that are currently
uncontrolled and North Americans are exposed
to come
(E) many of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to
which North Americans are exposed come

D选项就解释说： to maintain the parallel in this construction, that would have to be repeated in the clause that North Americans are exposed to.

关于省略的确是很活的知识点，原则上只要没有歧义都可以省略。但是想平行从句中that的省略还真不多见。baby姐来看看呀~~

-- by 会员 半阙 (2012/3/22 12:10:01)

babybearmm

换句话说，刚才那个dioxins的题目，关键问题不在于你说的“平行结构中that能不能省略”，关键问题是——到底能不能用平行结构？
不是说你随便逮住俩东西A和B，就能把A和B平行。就算语法上允许，逻辑上也不允许。所以不要看着平行就套结构，先从意思上分析，这两个到底能不能平行。换句话说，关注的不是外围的WHAT，而是核心的WHY. 强烈推荐Ron近期的讲课。

下面说，如果确实是平行结构，that是否省略的问题。
咱先一起看看独立宣言这个经典句子：
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

我来提个问题，为啥这里用的是"these truths"，而不是"this truth"? 问题先放这里。
好啦，如果把上面一句话写成板书，我会这么写：

We hold these truths to be self-evident:

all men are created equal

they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights

among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

看，之所以用"these truths"，就是因为有3个bullet points，3个truths. 而非整体作为一个truth. 所以，请你再回头读这句话，你会发现，每当你读到一个"that"，你头脑就知道——ok, here's the beginning of a bullet point
每个"that"对应一个信息点

再来举个简单的例子
My friend told me that Henry loves Mary and Mary loves Henry.
Here, my friend told me one truth (one fact, one event), which is that Henry and Mary love each other. It's simply a bi-directional relationship. In other words, my brain counts "Henry loves Mary and Mary loves Henry" as a single information unit, not as two bullet points. Therefore, this sentence is essentially the following:
My friend told me     that          Henry loves Mary and Mary loves Henry.
My friend told me that (one truth).
然后在one truth里面，Henry loves Mary  和 Mary loves Henry 平行

所以说，为啥GMAT强调的是语言表达的correctness & effectiveness?
不是说要死记语法点，什么时候省略，什么时候不省略.....语言表达本来就有无限多种，能记住么？
关键就是追求correctness & effectiveness. 独立宣言那个例子里，有3点信息量，听众需要在脑子里或者笔记本里记下来3个bullet points，所以就用3个that，每个that对应一格bullet point. 后面那个例子，咱聪明的大脑一听就知道，这不就是两人相爱么，就一个信息量而已，所以当然就用一个that.

Take-home lesson就是，在做题的时候，不要以什么“第2点第3点前面没有that”为由，就轻易排除选项。只需要检查：是否逻辑平行，是否语法结构平行，done!

半阙

换句话说，刚才那个dioxins的题目，关键问题不在于你说的“平行结构中that能不能省略”，关键问题是——到底能不能用平行结构？
不是说你随便逮住俩东西A和B，就能把A和B平行。就算语法上允许，逻辑上也不允许。所以不要看着平行就套结构，先从意思上分析，这两个到底能不能平行。换句话说，关注的不是外围的WHAT，而是核心的WHY. 强烈推荐Ron近期的讲课。

下面说，如果确实是平行结构，that是否省略的问题。
咱先一起看看独立宣言这个经典句子：
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

我来提个问题，为啥这里用的是"these truths"，而不是"this truth"? 问题先放这里。
好啦，如果把上面一句话写成板书，我会这么写：

We hold these truths to be self-evident:

all men are created equal

they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights

among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

看，之所以用"these truths"，就是因为有3个bullet points，3个truths. 而非整体作为一个truth. 所以，请你再回头读这句话，你会发现，每当你读到一个"that"，你头脑就知道——ok, here's the beginning of a bullet point
每个"that"对应一个信息点

再来举个简单的例子
My friend told me that Henry loves Mary and Mary loves Henry.
Here, my friend told me one truth (one fact, one event), which is that Henry and Mary love each other. It's simply a bi-directional relationship. In other words, my brain counts "Henry loves Mary and Mary loves Henry" as a single information unit, not as two bullet points. Therefore, this sentence is essentially the following:
My friend told me     that          Henry loves Mary and Mary loves Henry.
My friend told me that (one truth).
然后在one truth里面，Henry loves Mary  和 Mary loves Henry 平行

所以说，为啥GMAT强调的是语言表达的correctness & effectiveness?
不是说要死记语法点，什么时候省略，什么时候不省略.....语言表达本来就有无限多种，能记住么？
关键就是追求correctness & effectiveness. 独立宣言那个例子里，有3点信息量，听众需要在脑子里或者笔记本里记下来3个bullet points，所以就用3个that，每个that对应一格bullet point. 后面那个例子，咱聪明的大脑一听就知道，这不就是两人相爱么，就一个信息量而已，所以当然就用一个that.

Take-home lesson就是，在做题的时候，不要以什么“第2点第3点前面没有that”为由，就轻易排除选项。只需要检查：是否逻辑平行，是否语法结构平行，done!

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/3/23 6:51:51)

说的太好了~~我原来还一直把平行结构that作为秒杀选项的依据呢（惭愧....）。你这一句真是精华：“只需检查：是否逻辑平行，是否语法结构平行。”
再贴Ron举的一个例子：
hand signs that natives use and that appear in local rituals --> correct.
these are both that-clauses that modify "hand signs", so the parallel structure works.
BUT
hand signs that natives use and appear in local rituals --> INCORRECT.
the second of these doesn't work because the right-hand component of the parallel structure is appear in local rituals (i.e., active verb whose subject is "hand signs"). there is no verb in the left-hand side that is parallel to this, so this makes no sense.

第二个句子不是因为that而平行结构也要that，而是原本native use and appear in local rituals结构上不平行。

babybearmm

赞mm~
那个“精华”不是我说的哈，是Ron讲的。不管是parallelism，还是comparison，核心其实都是parallelism，两方面：grammatical & logical，而在GMAT里出现的与此相关的大部分错误都是logical issue.