prep 07 SC74... 看以前的帖子有人问但没人解答过... 求指教

kyle7

另外，如果这里but是prep.后面接的random by-products(noun.)的话，那前面的simply这个adv.不是变成修饰n.啦~

-- by 会员 teddybearj4 (2012/2/26 11:34:46)

simply确实是一个值得考虑的点～这么一来but作为连词更恰当～谢谢～

teddybearj4

我不是NN捏，大家都是一起探讨学习滴~
我搜了帖子，看到斑竹曾经也做过解答，LZ肯定也看过了。这里在做点小补充。

选C的话，句子变成了：
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.

不管是C、D，都是要表达are not the products of natural selection和but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments(先忽略CD的差别看语意)，LZ肯定也是这么理解的，如果坚持是not...but...平行。但是，这样会有歧义，变成了：
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
好像黄色部分“favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments”都在修饰“natural selection”。
而实际上，语意来看只有“favored because they enhance reproduction or survival”才是解释“natural selection”的。not...but...这里的but是用作了介词，变成了一个prep. phrase，就容易产生这种歧义。

再看D，如果把but的用法变成conj.:
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
作为conj.之后，but引导的从句are simply... 跟主句are not the products of natural selection是平行的。
还有一个是我之前说的，如果是C，but作prep.，simply作为一个adv.(修饰V或者prep. phrase)放在prep.和n.中间它根本没东西修饰，但是如果是D，这个simply就是修饰are的。





下面再摘一个Ron的举例，我觉得把C的ambiguous解释的蛮清楚了。
Consider this sentence:
Jimmy was not the typical class president, loved by most of the students, but hated by a fair number as well.

The most probable reading here is that all of the words 'loved by most of the students, but also hated by a fair number as well' are a description of 'the typical class president.' However, it's also possible that just "loved by most of the students" describes that phrase. So there are 2 interpretations:

1) Jimmy was not the typical class president, loved by most of the students, but hated by a fair number as well. --> in which the entire colored description attaches to “the typical class president”
2) Jimmy was not the typical class president, loved by most of the students, but hated by a fair number as well. --> in which “the typical class president” is described as someone who is loved by most students; in this instance, jimmy is contrasted with the typical class president because some people also hate him.

yqhpsyche

谢谢你的耐心讲解~~  终于想明白啦！！！

babybearmm

赞啊~~这题我错了，刚看到Ron的解答被你引过来啦
“还有一个是我之前说的，如果是C，but........中间它根本没东西修饰，但是如果是D，这个simply就是修饰are的。”
——这思路太赞了

我不是NN捏，大家都是一起探讨学习滴~
我搜了帖子，看到斑竹曾经也做过解答，LZ肯定也看过了。这里在做点小补充。

选C的话，句子变成了：
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.

不管是C、D，都是要表达are not the products of natural selection和but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments(先忽略CD的差别看语意)，LZ肯定也是这么理解的，如果坚持是not...but...平行。但是，这样会有歧义，变成了：
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
好像黄色部分“favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments”都在修饰“natural selection”。
而实际上，语意来看只有“favored because they enhance reproduction or survival”才是解释“natural selection”的。not...but...这里的but是用作了介词，变成了一个prep. phrase，就容易产生这种歧义。

再看D，如果把but的用法变成conj.:
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
作为conj.之后，but引导的从句are simply... 跟主句are not the products of natural selection是平行的。
还有一个是我之前说的，如果是C，but作prep.，simply作为一个adv.(修饰V或者prep. phrase)放在prep.和n.中间它根本没东西修饰，但是如果是D，这个simply就是修饰are的。





下面再摘一个Ron的举例，我觉得把C的ambiguous解释的蛮清楚了。
Consider this sentence:
Jimmy was not the typical class president, loved by most of the students, but hated by a fair number as well.

The most probable reading here is that all of the words 'loved by most of the students, but also hated by a fair number as well' are a description of 'the typical class president.' However, it's also possible that just "loved by most of the students" describes that phrase. So there are 2 interpretations:

1) Jimmy was not the typical class president, loved by most of the students, but hated by a fair number as well. --> in which the entire colored description attaches to “the typical class president”
2) Jimmy was not the typical class president, loved by most of the students, but hated by a fair number as well. --> in which “the typical class president” is described as someone who is loved by most students; in this instance, jimmy is contrasted with the typical class president because some people also hate him.

-- by 会员 teddybearj4 (2012/2/26 13:55:39)

babybearmm

突然发现，单从"simply"作为adv.的角度看，C还是可以接受
..., but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments

这里 simply random by-products
       adv. + adj. + noun
就说simply修饰random (adj.)

所以还是像Ron说的那样，从but所属的逻辑层次角度理解，这题真tricky

babybearmm

我觉得这里有个同学说的方法非常好：
http://www.manhattangmat.com/forums/paleontologist-stephen-jay-gould-has-argued-that-many-t1413-15.html

I think Ron said when you have one part parallelism signals such as "and, or, but etc", you look for the words coming after signals as these words are 'locked in' words.  So does that mean we are not bound by existing words in the first part?

To be more specific.  Choice (a) says.. has "that" in the second part of the signal and we have "that" in the first part of signal as well. hence this is parallel

choice (d) , on the other hand, has 'are',which is also present in the first half.  But first half also contains 'that' but since our locked in word is 'are' we no longer care about 'that' in first part as we did in choice (a)  Is this correct assessment?

那么这道题，如果是C选项：
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that manybiological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simplyrandom by-products of other evolutionary developments.
我们找but后面的'locked in' word，但是不存在。
换句话说，but后面直接跟noun "by-products"  ("simply random by-products"是adv.+adj.+noun.这种连串修饰结构，核心词是noun)
那我们根据平行，在but前面那部分找noun "by-products"的counterpart，我们能找到以下nouns:
"the products of natural selection"
"reproduction or survival"
甚至包括"survival"
——到底哪个词和"by-products"对应？这存在歧义。
所以C不对。
但如果改成D，通过"are"这个locked-in word，和前面的"are"对应上，于是我们知道"by products"是和前面的"the products of natural selection"对应的。

teddybearj4

是哦，simply好像是可以修饰random的。simply其实在这儿用法不对的话，感觉上也是出题的无心没划上线。这儿应该不能是一个考点来着。
感觉baby姐好久没来语法区玩玩了~

突然发现，单从"simply"作为adv.的角度看，C还是可以接受
..., but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments

这里 simply random by-products
       adv. + adj. + noun
就说simply修饰random (adj.)

所以还是像Ron说的那样，从but所属的逻辑层次角度理解，这题真tricky

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/2/26 17:08:57)

teddybearj4

其实我们挺惯性看到not...but...就开始找平行，看到not only...but also...就开始找平行（比如下面这道GWD的题，我很有体会，看到答案的那刻才恍然的那种），而忽略了先从语意上来看句子本身的逻辑关系是并列转折因果还是对比。我们常常“被”惯性思维啊。



Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland especially in the Northeast and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it also caused erosion and very quickly deforested whole regions.

A. Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland especially in the Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it also

B. Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland especially in the Northeast), which gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but also

C. The systematic clearing of forests in the United States, creating farmland especially in the Northeast and giving consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but also

D. The systematic clearing of forests in the United States created farmland especially in the Northeast and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it also

E. The systematic clearing of forests in the United States not only created farmland especially in the Northeast), giving consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it

babybearmm

哈哈，这题很经典~~据说现在实战中这种题目越来越多，就是要惩罚unwarranted shortcut，惩罚思维定势，强迫咱从句意出发解题

god_of_gambler

小白白怯生生地讲……看完这么多解释，仍然觉得讲不通，症结于两点：

1、根据OG，not A but B结构中，A和B应当是形式含义双平行的，则Ron关于Jimmy president那个例句，but hated本来就不跟the typical class president平行，何来歧义之说？

2、若一个句子：sth does not do A, but is B.这样的结构会被认作平行么？


完全不理解…… 召唤大神啊…… 而且恳请不要是Ron大神…… 申请召唤英文学院派大神…… Ron派不喜欢……