OG12语法笔记 更新至70 欢迎提意见~~~

笨蛋加油

在阅读了以前大牛们的笔记之后自己也开始仔细钻研OG了，虽然已经战过一次了但承认自己依然很菜，每天总结十个，望XDJM监督指教。
厄。。。就先更新到70题吧，因为lz发现整理到现在，再每个题每个选项的打出来很费时间，三月中旬就二战了，所以要抓紧时间了，等考完有时间了一定把这个工作结束！自己多多努力希望自己有朝一日也能成为NN来回馈CD！一起加油！
刚接触G的XDJM可以参考一下这份笔记，直接下载附件就好O(∩_∩)O~
OG12语法笔记
1、    The Glass House Mountains in Queensland, Australia, were sighted in 1770 by the English navigator Captain James Cook, who so named them supposedly because their sheer wet rocks glistened like glass.
OG所列考点： Agreement前后一致，代词指代单复数前后一致
Rhetorical construction简洁有效，主动形式比被动形式更简洁
自己提炼考点：动名词的修饰
             Because与since的区别
A：it单数不能指代The Glass House Mountains复数；被动形式不简洁
B：缺少连接词，改变原句语义，丢掉了原句的因果联系，没有解释原因
C：修饰对象的合理性since/because：naming优先修饰句子主语，无法修饰JC。since是连词，但是无法取代because表示强烈的因果关系
D：正确
E：it单数不能指代The Glass House Mountains复数；选项本身it和their矛盾
词汇：navigator 领航员，驾驶员，航海家  
     supposedly 按照推测，恐怕，可能
     glisten 闪光，闪耀

2、    Although a surge in retail sales has raised hopes that a recovery is finally under way, many economists say that without a large amount of spending the recovery might not last.
OG所列考点：Agreement前后一致，主谓搭配一致
             Rhetorical construction简洁有效，语义，there be，being
自己提炼考点：动词时态
A：have与主语surge单复数不一致；It is superfluous（多余的，不必要的）and pointless to say that people hope both that there is a recovery and such a recovery is underway.
B: there being 一般情况下肯定错
C：had raised 时态错误，因为后面跟的是一般现在时，所以应该用现在完成而非过去完成时；being多余
D：正确。主谓搭配一致，时态正确，简洁有效
E：hope for a recovery finally under way 在语法上无意义；尽量保持原文时态

3、Although various eighteenth-and-nineteenth-century American poets had professed an interest in Native American poetry and had pretended to imitate Native American forms in their own works, it was not until almost 1900 that scholars and critics seriously began studying traditional Native American poetry in native language.
OG所列考点: Verb form
            Rhetorical construction
自己提炼考点：副词用法
             逻辑表达
             begin to do 和 begin doing 的区别
A: until almost 1900使得原句逻辑表达错误，而且until almost 1900前后都有逗号，因此向前修饰还是向后修饰表达不清；根据原文据逻辑意思可知seriously修饰动词begin,而seriously作为程度副词应置于begin之前；begin to do 表示准备做，要开始做，还没做。但是原句意思是其实是开始做了，因此应该用begin doing。
B：“eighteenth-and-nineteenth-century American poets had professed an interest in Native American poetry and had pretended to”可知在1900之前用了过去完成时，因此almost 1900左右的应该用一般过去时，所以B时态错误；seriously位置有问题。
C：多余， be to begin to do sth ,    be to 表示将要，与begin重复；begin用法不符合语义。
D：not almost until不符合语法；begin用法不合语意。
E：正确。not until almost 1900位置正确，表达正确；时态正确；seriously位置正确
补充：副词位置
副词可以修饰动词，形容词，副词。副词的位置很灵活，在一个句子中副词可以放在句首，句中，句末。具体如下：1、一般副词都是放在谓语动词后面。2、程度副词通常放在所修饰词前。如：The problem is too difficult.(too, 就是程度副词）注：程度副词enough通常放在形容词或副词的后面3、频度副词（often，always, never, seldom等）通常放在行为动词前面，系动词，助动词，情态动词的后面。所以你说的run quickly是正确的，但是quickly run就是不正确的了。quickly是一个一般的副词，放在动词后。
    begin to do 和begin doing的区别
般来说，begin to do和begin doing可以互换，但在以下三种情况下，用to do：
1. 主语不是指人，而是it等。如：It began to rain.
2. begin后接表示心理活动的词。如：begin  to  know ，believe， wonder， think等。
3. begin本身是ing形式，为避免重复后接to do 即，beginning to do
P.S
doing 一般有正在做的意思
to do一般有正准备做的意思
所以doing 就是开始做了to do开始要做,还没做
词汇：profess 声称，承认
     pretend 假装，伪称

4、Of all the vast tides of migration that have swept through history, perhaps none was more concentrated than the wave that brought 12 million immigrants on to American shores in little more than three decades.
OG所列考点：Idiom，固定搭配，more…than…
             Verb form
自己提炼考点：perhaps/maybe:二者一般情况下可以通用，perhaps正式一些
A：用more…as…来代替more…than…是ETS经常设置的错误；is时态错误
B：it may be that啰嗦；is时态错误；固定搭配用法错误
C：it is none that is more啰嗦，且it没有指代对象，因为it只能指代something，不可以指代nothing；is时态错误
D：错误同C
E：正确。固定搭配正确，时态正确，perhaps可以替代maybe且比maybe更正式
词汇：migration迁移，移民，移动

5、Diabetes, together with its serious complications, ranks as the nation’s third leading cause of death, surpassed only by heart disease and cancer.
OG所列考点：Agreement前后一致，主谓搭配一致
             Logical predication 逻辑表达，surpass的位置
自己提炼考点：简洁有效；时态
A：正确：ranks和主语都是单数；Only is placed with precision next to the group of words it actually limits, by heart disease and cancer. Placed before surpassed, only would more ambiguously limit surpassed.因此surpass放在by heart disease…前正确。（only放在了surpass前面，根据语义，only应该修饰介词短语by heart disease and cancer,而不是修饰动词surpass）
B：主谓单复数不一致；only位置修饰错误
C：has the rank of 啰嗦；surpass修饰错误
D：主谓单复数搭配不一致
E：时态不对，主谓搭配不一致，surpass修饰错误
词汇：Diabetes糖尿病    complications并发症     precision精确地

6、In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls.
OG所列考点：Agreement,代词指代一致
             arallelism,平行对称
自己提炼考点：due to/because的区别；
A：“用due to 来引导原因，在这里有点模棱两可，让人觉得是游客的呼吸里的潮湿导致需要repair。 其实文章后半句话阐述了两个使得chambers需要clean and repair的原因：盐分结晶以及真菌生长在墙面。”due to 这个词做由于解释时，通常紧跟着直接原因，这也就是为什么上文容易产生歧义。但是用because+that从句，由于从句的复杂性，所以可能可以避免该问题，所以更加合理。（due to + n (原因)，因此，A指向的原因是moisture; 而E，because + 从句 套从句，复杂地指向了moisture升高了humidity导致了salt was crystallizing和fungus was growing这一过程。而题干的意思，chambers for cleaning and repair的原因不是moisture，而是salt和fungus）；  its指代chambers代词指代单复数不一致
B：前两个错误原因同A；句子中导致cleaning and repair 的原因（或者说effect of the humidity）应该平行对称，而B中would crystallize 与fungus was growing on the walls不平行
C：整个句子结构啰嗦；分句的主语是 tourists，them 自然指向 tourists，指代无意义；不平行
D：整个句子结构啰嗦；because of moisture that was exhaled by tourists raising the humidity within them . . . ，这里不是分句，raising 与 moisture 的关系不是主语与动词的关系，所以不是那么紧凑，于是 them 就游离了。C.D里面两个从句主语都是tourists，them又指代复数名词，所以them有可能指代tourists(指代不清）；不平行
E：正确。代词指代正确：E 与 D 不同因为 E 那里是完整分句，主语是 moisture。moisture . . . had raised the humidity within them . . . ，所以这个 them 与moisture 有关的，指什么自然明显。E从句得主语是单数 所以them只能指代全句主语chambers；；因果连词用法正确：because + 从句 套从句，复杂地指向了moisture升高了humidity导致了salt was crystallizing和fungus was growing这一过程。而题干的意思，chambers for cleaning and repair的原因不是moisture，而是salt和fungus，因此because正确；平行正确
补充：due to 和because of 和because
“Due to” means "cause by". It should only be used if it can be substituted with "caused by". It does not mean the same thing as "because of ",
Incorrect: The game was postponed due to rain.
Correct: The game was postponed because of rain.
Correct: The game's postponement was due to rain.
以后再遇到due to只要把它换成我们熟悉的caused by就清楚多了。
由于due +to出现在任何文中，即使是使用在了be动词之后，也可以有很多种可能的意思，仍然要看上下文，所以，当看到due to的时候，如果能够用because of/ because that那最好选则用because,因为这样不容易产生歧义。
词汇: chamber 房间，会所     exhale vt./vi.呼出，发散出   fungus n.真菌，霉，霉菌  
    Moisture 湿度，潮湿     humidity湿度，湿气
7、As its sales of computer products have surpassed those of measuring instruments, the company become increasingly willing to compete for the mass market sales it would in the past have conceded to rivals.
OG所列考点：Agreement，代词前后单复数一致
             Rhetorical construction简洁有效，避免重复
自己提炼考点：修饰不清
A：they与主语company单复数不一致
B：同A
C：被动语态不正确，用被动语态容易引起歧义，主动优先；in the past 和previously重复
D：重复；介词短语in the past放在结尾，分不清是修饰would have conceded，还是rivals，修饰不清
E：正确
词汇：concede to rivals让步于竞争对手

8、The widely accepted big bang theory holds that the universe began in an explosive instant to twenty billion years ago and has been expanding ever since.
OG所列考点：Logical prediction逻辑表达
             Verb form时态：all the verbs in the clause beginning with that must describe what the universe did at the initial explosive moment.
自己提炼考点: 平行对称：and连接前后
简洁有效：动词优于名词
A:正确。时态正确（and连接的前后两个句子的主语都是the universe，ago用一般过去时，ever since用现在完成时）；在原句中，划线部分的宾语从句表达的意思为the universe began in an explosive…and has been expanding…平行并列正确
B：时态错误
C: “the beginning of”名词形式没有began动词形式简洁；第二个that从句修饰instant逻辑表达错误；C当中的定语从句that has expanded跳过时间名词修饰instant，原句意思改变
D：D错误类似于C ；D当中的定语从句that is expanding修饰the beginning,原句意思改变
E：to have begun和has been expanding都修饰universe，但是结构不一致，不平行
词汇：explosive爆炸性的，爆炸的       instant  名词：瞬间，片刻

9、Like the Brontes and Brongings, JJ and VW are often subjected to the kind of veneration that blurs the distinction between the artist and the human being..
OG所列考点：Logical prediction ：like前后比较对象要一致
自己提炼要点：like与as的用法；简洁有效
A：比较对象不一致
B：as后面只能跟从句，不能跟短语；比较对象不一致
C：that指代不清，且导致比较对象不一致
D：it没有指代对象，且导致比较对象不一致；as it is of 不简洁
E正确
补充：like和as的用法
like(介词) + 名词\名词短语，表示比较；as(连词) + 主谓结构，表示比较，强调动作的相似性；as(介词) + 名词，表示作为。
词汇：veneration 尊敬，崇拜     blur：涂污，使…模糊不清，是暗淡，玷污
     subjected to 使受…影响    idolization  n.偶像化，盲目的崇拜

10、Carnivorous mammals can endure what would otherwise be lethal levels of body heat because they have a heat-exchange network that keeps the brain from getting too hot.
OG所列考点：Verb form；Rhetorical construction
A：kept时态错误
B：正确；时态正确且简洁有效。
C：has kept时态错误。原句描述的是一个不变的事实，因此用一般现在时。
D：时态错误
E：having不简洁，kept时态错误
注：此题不要纠结与which和that，GMAT语法选的是最优选项。

michaelmay17

加油~

Erise

不知道你考完了没……

笨蛋加油

快过年了事情太多了，前两天没及时完成计划。从今天开始一定每天更新！！！加油加油！！！

笨蛋加油

11——20
11、There are several ways to build solid walls using just mud or clay, but the most extensively used method has been to form the mud or clay into bricks, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, to lay them in the wall in mud mortar.
OG所列考点：Parallelism,平行对称；Verb form时态
A：不对称
B：不对称
C：不对称；they were laid改变句子时态，错误
D：正确
E：which修饰非限定性定语从句，先行词为mud or clay，而不是bricks，修饰错误
词汇：brick  n.砖        mortar n.灰浆        preliminary   adj.初步的，准备的
     extensively 广阔的，广大的

12、Rising inventories, if not accompanied by corresponding increases in sales, can lead to production cutbacks that would hamper economic growth.
OG所列考点：Diction(措词);  Agreement（主谓搭配一致）
自己提炼考点：Verb form时态；形容词副词的修饰
A：the modifying phase “when unaccompanied correspondingly by increases in sales” is needlessly difficult to understand; 即when时间从句不易理解，应当用if从句，表达一种假设；“unaccompanied” is not wrong but not accompanied more effectively express the intended negation. 副词correspondingly用的不准确而且导致修饰歧义，不明确到底是修饰动词unaccompanied还是修饰名词increases。
B：the modifying phase “when…”s needlessly difficult to understand;谓语leads与主语inventories单复数不一致
C：were时态错误。过去时表示这件事情已经结束。但是原句can lead 表示事情可能实在继续。Tip：原句如果有情态动词，尽量不要删减。
D：主谓搭配不一致；D当中的correspondingly increased sales不常用而且不简洁
E：正确。not accompanied强调了否定，比unaccompanied更好。用形容词corresponding修饰increases in sales使句意表达更clear。主谓搭配一致。
词汇：corresponding相应的，一致的，相当的
13、A surge in new home sales and a drop in weekly unemployment claims suggest that the economy might not be as week as some analysts previously thought.
OG所列考点：Agreement（主谓搭配一致）；Grammatical construction（句子结构）
自己提炼考点：Rhetorical construction简洁有效；关于not so/as…as
A：正确；句子结构完整；主谓搭配正确
B：谓语suggests和主语单复数不一致
C：suggest的宾语从句主语是economy(单数), C当中的have been thought，没有复数名词来支持这个被动语态
D:句子结构不完整，缺乏谓语动词；用被动语态没有必要，违反简洁原则；suggesting about economy that it might…多余，冗长
E：同D
补充：关于not so/as…as     so只能用于否定语气，as肯定、否定都可以使用
词汇：claims  n.请求权，债权，索赔，权利要求
14、Sunspots，vortices of gas associated with strong electromagnetic activity, are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on the Sun’s poles or equator.
OG所列考点：Logical prediction 逻辑表达；  arallelism平行对称
A：正确：This sentence clearly and correctly draws a contrast between where sunspots are found and where they are not.
B: spot 后面that引导的同位语从句distort the meaning of the sentence,而且前面说看见后面又说看不见本身就矛盾；划线部分与后面衔接不上，语法错误
C：although引导从句，从句应该主谓宾俱全，C中既无主语，谓语也不完整
D：同C
E：E当中，which定语从句修饰对象不明，构成歧义
词汇：Sunspots 太阳黑子，雀斑    vortices  n.漩涡       pole n.极点                equator   n.赤道    electromagnetic电磁的

15、Warning that computers in the United States are not secure, the National Academy of Sciences has urged the nation to revamp computer security procedures, institute new emergency response teams, and create a special nongovernment organization to take charge of computer security planning.
OG所列考点：Grammatical construction（句子结构）； Parallelism平行对称
A：creating不与前面结构平行对称，而且可能会被误认为是动名词在句尾作状语修饰前面的部分（Using the participle creating not only violates parallelism but also cause misreading since the participial phase could modify the first part of the sentence.）;着这个平行并列结构中需要and
B：前两条同A；由于这个organization还不存在，所以用that takes 不符合逻辑。
C：前两条同A；to等同于in order to，不定式表示目的，for doing一般不表示目的，故C既不准确也不符合常用表达习惯
D：to等同于in order to，不定式表示目的，for doing一般不表示目的，故C既不准确也不符合常用表达习惯
E：正确；
词汇：revamp修补，翻新，修改

16、Retail sales rose 0.8 of 1 percent in August, intensifying expectations that personal spending in the July-September quarter would more than double the 1.4 percent growth rate in personal spending for the previous quarter.（重点题）
OG所列考点：Logical prediction 逻辑表达；  Verb form 时态  
A：expectation表示一种预期，并且不确定结果，那么助动词would的添加，表明了一种猜测的不确定的语气，A选项当中的doubled不能表示这对未来猜测的语气；that of 结构中的that 应该是指代personal spending, 因为如果指代expectations的话，that应该改成复数those才对，这样就是有语法错误了，不符合OG的解释，所以that 应该是指代personal spending。那把personal spending带回选项中，intensifying expectation that personal spending in the July-September quarter more than doubled 【personal spending】of the 1.4 percent growth rate 【in personal spending 】for the previous quarter. 很明显重复。 那也就是说，OG的意思是想说明，这是一个累赘的叙述方式，that of是unnecessary的。
B：正确；would使用正确；简洁清晰。注意：从句that personal spending in the July-September quarter would more than double the 1.4 percent growth rate in personal spending for the previous quarter是普通主谓宾结构而不是比较结构。
其中主语：personal spending；谓语：would double（would后面并没有be，所以真正的谓语动词应该是double）；宾语：1.4 percent growth rate 大意是说7-9月季度的个人开销将使上季度个人开销的1.4%的增长率翻一倍还多。注意，这里more than是副词短语，修饰谓语动词double，有“不止...”的意思，而不是我们常接触到的比较结构
C：先引出一个名词personal spending，然后再用一个由it做主语指代personal spending的句子对其进行解释说明，表达不简洁
D：此项没有语法错误，但是不如B好，of在做修饰名词用的时候，短语类的比较合适用。而that修饰名词时，后面可以加长句子，D项中of之后很长，而且容易引起歧义。that of多余。
E：同C

17、The commission has directed advertisers to restrict the use of the word "natural" to foods that do not contain color of flavor additives, chemical preservatives, or anything that has been synthesized.
OG所列考点：Idiom习惯用语；Logical prediction 逻辑表达
A：nothing与not形成双重否定，表示肯定，与句子所要表达意思相反
B：B当中的or that has been和that do not平行，修饰foods，逻辑表达出错，不应该表达为食物是合成的，而是一些合成的原料加入食物
C：and表示和，同，一起；or表示或者；根据句意分析，任意一种原料都不可使用，应该使用or
D：正确
E：同C
词汇：synthesized  合成的

18、Plants are more efficient than fungi at acquiring carbon, in the form of carbon dioxide, and converting it to energy-rich sugars.
OG所列考点：Logical prediction 逻辑表达   Grammatical construction（句子结构）；
A：此选项中in the form of carbon dioxide修饰的是fungi，而正确的逻辑应该是修饰carbon
B：此选项中in the form of carbon dioxide修饰的是fungi，而正确的逻辑应该是修饰carbon；此选项意思为吸收carbon比吸收fungi效率高，逻辑错误；
C：正确，正确的比较了plants和fungi；in the form of carbon dioxide正确修饰了carbon
D：语法错误，句子结构不完整，缺少谓语
E：同B
词汇：fungi真菌，菌类，蘑菇

19、The Iroquois were primarily planters, although they supplemented their cultivation of maize, squash, and beans with fishing and hunting.
OG所列考点：Grammatical construction（句子结构）；Verb form 时态  
A: 在本句中，分词短语supplementing在语法上应该修饰第一句话，达到语义延伸，描述第一句话的结果。但是由于but的出现，在逻辑上强调的是一种转折，而非语义的延伸，两个句子如果平行，那么表达的意思和重要性应该是对等的。A当中的supplementing和but矛盾，语义同时延伸和转折，错(逻辑上，本句需要的是一个contrast，而不是一个延伸，因此supplementing错)
B：and不能表达出对比；过去完成时时态错误
C：and不能表达出转折；and even though 导致sentence fragment
D：正确；使用连词although，把原来的并列结构变成主从结构，出现转折从句，逻辑上符合规律；过去时与前面的were相一致
E：“but with ”is awkward and unclear；supplementing是其修饰作用而非对比作用
词汇：supplemented 补充

20、Unlike the honeybee, the yellow jacket can sting repeatedly without dying and carries a potent venom that can cause intense pain
OG所列考点：Idiom习惯用语；  arallelism平行对称
A：as contrasted with is not a correct idiom
B: the honeybee's和the yellow jacket不平行
C: the sting of the honey bee和the yellow jacket不平行
D: that of the honeybee和the yellow sting不平行
E: correct
词汇：potent adj.效力大的；强有力的   venom  n.毒液    intense  adj.强烈的；热情的；紧张的
补充：in contrast with A,B…; in contrast to A,B…;Unlike A,B…;A,B在语法结构中必须平行。

笨蛋加油

不知道你考完了没……

-- by 会员 Erise (2012/1/16 15:48:23)

11月10号一战的，3月15二战

笨蛋加油

加油~

-- by 会员 michaelmay17 (2012/1/13 2:11:24)

谢谢，一起加油！！！

笨蛋加油

有没有哪位亲能告诉我怎么传附件？？？这样子发好麻烦啊。。。

笨蛋加油

21、Neuroscientist, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.
OG所列考点：Grammatical construction（句子结构）；Logical prediction 逻辑表达
A：正确；
B：句子结构不完整，and连接两个并列句，前面的句子没有谓语；over the…像是再修饰adulthood，引起歧义
C：同B，句子结构不完整
D：前半句使用的是现在完成时，后半句使用一般进行时，时态前后不符；drawing像是在修饰adulthood，引起歧义
E：前半句使用的是现在完成时，后半句使用一般进行时，时态前后不符；
词汇：neuroscientist  n.神经科学家

22、None of the attempts to specify the cause of crime explains why most of the people exposed to the alleged causes do not commit crimes and, conversely, why so many of those not so exposed do.
OG所列考点：Grammatical construction（句子结构）；Parallelism平行对称
句子中是两个群体的比较，由于and和conversely的存在，要使用平行结构，exposed后的动词形式应该和上一个对等，而且commit crimes可以省略。A当中的have、B当中的has、C当中的shall、E当中的could都无法和do not commit crimes对等  D：correct

23、Once designed with its weight concentrated in a metal center, the discus used in track competition is now linked with lead around the perimeter, thereby improving stability in flight and resulting in longer throws.
OG所列考点：Grammatical construction（句子结构）；Logical prediction 逻辑表达
Verb form 时态  
自己提炼考点：Agreement（代词指代一致）
A：这个句子需要两个时态，描述过去的设计应该用过去时态；描述现在的设计应该用现在时；A选项中描述过去的设计用了现在时，错误。代词it指代句子主语weight，不合逻辑。
B：it指代weight，不合逻辑（but后一句当中的it在语法结构上指代the weight，但是the weight is linked with lead逻辑意思错误）
C：correct
D：句子结构不完整，缺少谓语，fragment
E：E当中的后半句没有主要的动词，was once designed必须和is now lined平行，E当中没有is

24、In virtually all types of tissue in every animal species, dioxin induces the production of enzymes that are the organism's attempt to metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical irritant.
OG所列考点：Rhetorical construction简洁有效；Diction(措词)
A：动词的-ing形式可以用作名词，但是在书面语中，特别是在所有格形式中不倾向这样使用，因此此处trying不合适；that is irritating it在语法上是正确的，但是啰嗦，不简洁
B：trying不合适；trying that it语法错误
C：attempt和try重复
D：同C
E：correct
词汇：induce  vt.导致；引导；催生     enzyme  n. 酶    metabolize  vt.使发生新陈代谢   render  v.使，致使       irritant  n.刺激物
此句的结构和翻译：
the chemical irritant.应该是分别做metabolize ,render 的宾语
还原的原句参考如下:
In virtually all types of tissue in every animal species, dioxin induces the production of enzymes are the organism’s attempt to metabolize the chemical irritant, or (to) render the chemical irritant harmless
本句翻译为：
几乎每个动物种类的各类组织中,dioxin会引起酶的产生.这种酶使生物机体去新陈代谢化学刺激物或使化学刺激物变得无害

25、Using accounts of various ancient writers, scholars have painted a sketchy picture of the activities of an all-female cult that, perhaps as early as the sixth century B.C., worshipped a goddess known in Latin as Bona Dea," the good goddess"
OG所列考点：Rhetorical construction简洁有效；Logical prediction 逻辑表达
A：过去分词短语在句首，修饰主语scholars，A当中based on…短语修饰scholars无法表达任何意义，错
B：it无指代对象
C：wordy
D：wordy
E：Correct
词汇：sketchy  adj.概要的，忽略的     cult  n.迷信；崇拜

26、Emily Dickinson's letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan's marriage to Emily's brother and ending shortly before Emily's death in 1886,outnumber her letters to anyone else.
OG所列考点：Grammatical construction（句子结构）；Parallelism平行对称
A：开头从句过分强调了the period when Dickson’s letters were written，而句子本意是强调Dickson’s letters to the sister-in-law outnumber her letters to anyone else.
B: begins和ended动词时态不一致，无法平行
C: ending和that ends动词时态不一致，无法平行；主语letters缺谓语，句子子结构不完整fragment
D：主语letters缺谓语，句子子结构不完整fragment
E：correct

27、Paleontologists believe that fragment of a primate jawbone unearthed in Burma and estimated to be 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of a crucial step along the evolutionary path that led to human beings.
OG所列考点：Idiom习惯用语；Agreement前后一致（主谓搭配一致）
自己提炼考点：Grammatical construction（句子结构）
A：固定搭配estimate…to be，A当中的estimate at，错，at一般修饰地点；
B：固定搭配使用错误，应用to be，而不是as being；主谓搭配不一致
C：that it is…从句无语法意义，结构错误；主谓搭配不一致
D：correct
E：主谓搭配不一致
词汇：Paleontologist  n.古生物学者    primate   n.灵长类动物     jawbone下颚骨

28、Building on civilizations that preceded them in coastal Peru, the Mochica developed their own elaborate society, based on the cultivation of such crops as corn and beans, the harvesting of fish and seafood, and the exploitation of other wild and domestic resources.
OG所列考点：Parallelism平行对称   Diction(措词)
A：不平行；like不能用来举例子，列举
B：correct
C：句子结构不完整
D：不平行
E：like不能用来举例子；based it on their cultivating such crops…不符合常用表达，而且啰嗦；E中平行对象搞错了，成了they exploited和they based平行，而不是三者平行，不符合逻辑。
词汇：exploitation  n.开发，开采；利用   preceded领先，在…之前    elaborate精心制作的，煞费苦心的

29、The end of the eighteenth century saw the emergence of prize-stock breeding, with individual bulls and cows receiving awards, fetching unprecedented prices, and exciting enormous interest whenever they were put on show.
OG所列考点：Parallelism平行对称
A当中的excited,B当中的it excited,D当中的would excite，E当中的it had excited都与并列的receiving和fetching在结构上不平行；D/E当中出现代词it,没有明确的指代对象；D/E当中it引导的新句子在结构上复杂繁冗，引起第一句的错误
词汇：breeding 繁殖

30、For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, protecting warriors against enemy arrows and spears.
OG所列考点：Rhetorical construction简洁有效；Logical prediction 逻辑表达
A：用 a method来解释items不符合逻辑，而且单复数不一致
B：用 a method来解释items不符合逻辑，而且单复数不一致；as a method protecting不符合习惯表达
C：correct；protecting状语，修饰items，清楚的表达了目的
D：用a protection来解释items不符合逻辑，而且单复数不一致
E：如果military equipment后面没有逗号，那么直接加上不定式to protect表示动作的目的完全可以，但是逗号的存在不可以将to protect不定式用作非限定性的形容词短语来修饰名词items。
词汇：shield  n盾  v保护，遮蔽

笨蛋加油

31、Even though many of her colleagues were convinced that genes were relatively simple and static, Brabara McClintock adhered to her own more complicated ideas about how genes might operate, and in 1983,at the age of 81,was awarded a Nobel Prize for her discovery that the genes in corn are capable of moving from one chromosomal site to another.
OG所列考点：Rhetorical construction简洁有效；Logical prediction 逻辑表达
Idiom习惯用语
自己提炼考点：Parallelism平行对称（比较结构）
A：the conviction和Brabara McClintock比较，两事物不是同类，无法比较；
B: were of the conviction of genes being繁冗
C: contrary to many of her colleagues being convinced繁冗
D: correct
E: even with many of her colleagues…繁冗
词汇：chromosomal  染色体的

32、Galileo was convinced that natural phenomena, as manifestations of the laws of physics, would appear the same to someone on the deck of a ship moving smoothly and uniformly through the water as to a person standing on land.
OG所列考点：Idiom习惯用语   Parallelism平行对称
             自己提炼考点：Agreement前后一致
A：A当中as后缺少to，既不平行，也不符合习惯用语
B：习惯用语为a phenomenon appears the same to X(someone)as to Y(a person)，此选项既符合习惯用语，又平行对称
C：分号出现，改变了句子结构，分号后的半句话不是完整的主谓结构，fragment
D：当中的it无法指代复数名词phenomena；习惯用语使用错误；
E：C：分号出现，改变了句子结构，分号后的半句话不是完整的主谓结构，fragment

33、Because an oversupply of computer chips has sent price plunging, the manufacturer has announced that it will cut production by closing its factories for two days a month.
OG所列考点：Agreement前后一致   Rhetorical construction简洁有效
A：correct；题目当中表述的是，由于电脑芯片的过量供应，使得芯片的价钱骤降，所以才导致制造商做出某种决定。最清晰，最有效的表达因果关系的方式就是按着它们发生的时间顺序来表达，才不会引起歧义
B：由which引导的非限定性定语从句修饰prices，which后面的is和修饰对象的数不一致；because of放在句首不太好
C：啰嗦
D：将due to换成caused by不合理，所以错，且due to放在句首不太好；倒叙不符合常用表达习惯，而且意思不清楚
E：due to和with the result表达繁冗，意思重叠
词汇：plunge  急降

34、Beyond the immediate cash flaw crisis that the museum faces, its survival depends on whether it can broaden its membership and can leave its cramped quarters for a site where it can store and exhibit its more than 12,000 artifacts.
OG所列考点：Idiom习惯用语    Verb form 时态
A：depend on后面应该跟whether，而不是if.，if只能表示“如果”，不能表示“是否”，因此if错（即if不符合习惯用语）
B：correct
C: whether：引导宾从用weather；引导状从用weather or not。此处用weather or not错；加上it has the capability啰嗦
D: ability后面应该加to do（习惯用语）
E：the ability for it to broaden繁冗，无语法意义。
词汇：cramped  狭窄的

35、Along with the drop in producer prices announced yesterday, the strong retail sales figures released today seem to indicate that the economy, although growing slowly, is not nearing a recession.
OG所列考点：Grammatical construction（句子结构）；Agreement前后一致
A：it无法指代复数主语sales figures
B：seem as if没错，但是由于indicate后面没有that引出宾语从句，从而导致语法结构错误，而且逻辑不合理
C：正确
D：indicative of无法引导从句
E：of后面无法引导从句；用名词indication代替动词indicate不简洁
词汇: release  释放，发布   recession衰退，不景气

36、Dressed as a man and using the name Robert Shurtleff, Deborah Sampson, the first woman to draw a soldier's pension, joined the Continental Army in 1782 at the age of 22,was injured three times, and was discharged in 1783 because she had become too ill to serve.
OG所列考点：Logical prediction 逻辑表达      arallelism平行对称
A：correct；三者平行，且表述符合逻辑
B：while引导的时间状语从句一般倾向与表达主从句动作同时发生，B当中的while being说明injured和discharged是同时发生的，不符合句意；
C：discharged应该使用被动语态，因为discharge这个动作不是Sampson自己发出的；
D：injured应该使用被动语态
E：having been injured意思是所有的injuries和她的discharge都发生在1783年，不符合逻辑