OG12语法笔记 更新至70 欢迎提意见~~~

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37、Although schistosomiasis is not often fatal, it is so debilitating that it has become an economic drain on many developing countries.
OG所列考点：Idiom习惯用语
A：correct，注意it指代schistosomiasis
B：economic被economical替换，词语意思不一样，无法替换。Economic 经济上的；有利可图的  economical 节俭的，节省的；debilitation是名词，改变了原句的意思，而且在句子结构上繁冗
C：so X as to Y,是错误搭配，不符合习惯用语；正确搭配为so…that…
D:同B
E：同B；there be用法错误
词汇：schistosomiasis 血吸虫病

38、In 1850,Lucretia Mott published her Discourse on Women, a treatise that argued for equal political and legal rights for women and for changes in the married women's property laws.
OG所列考点：Parallelism平行对称；Rhetorical construction简洁有效
A：arguing in a treatise表达繁冗,是因为之前一句话已经说明LM出版了一本专著D，后面就没有必要再说arguing in a treatise了，明显繁冗，把D和a treatise表达成两个好像没有关系的事物
ing分词形式的短语，是有两种功能的：一是表伴随动作、状态、功能，与句子谓语动作同时发生，逻辑主语等与句子主语
                                            二是表伴随结果，整个句子是原因，导致分词动作   产生，无逻辑主语。而此选项都不是用于这两种用法，因此错。
B：同A
C: advocate是及物动词，前半句没错，但是and 后的for无法和前半句平行。
D:同C
E：正确；同位语解释，平行正确，argue for正确
词汇：treatise  论文，论述，专著

39、In 1527 King Henry VIII sought to have his marriage to Queen Catherine annulled so that he could marry Anne Boleyn.
OG所列考点：Idiom习惯用语；Grammatical construction（句子结构）
A：X happened so that Y could happen，So that状语从句，句子中如果出现情态动词，so that表示目的；无情态动词，so that表示结果,A当中的so as to marry不符合常用习惯；so as to marry没有代词出现，不知道谁要结婚
B：and so could be married to表达了一种错误的逻辑意义
C：直接用不定式使句子结构不完整，应该用连词in order to；主动比被动形式更好
D：correct
E：would marry表达的是虚拟语气，但是前面没有if条件从句

40、Dr.Tonegawa won the Nobel Prize for discovering how the body can constantly change its genes to fashion a seemingly unlimited number of antibodies, each targeted specifically at an invading microbe or foreign substance.
OG所列考点：Idiom习惯用语；Diction(措词)
A：adj修饰n./pron. Adv.修饰adj./v./另一个adv., unlimited是形容词，所以需要seemingly这个副词来修饰；因此seeming错
B：同A；target…at为常用搭配,B/D当中的target…to不是最优搭配
C：同A；each同位语不能换成all
D：all错；to不好
E：correct

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41、To develop more accurate population forecasts, demographers would have to know a great deal more than they do now about the social and economic determinants of fertility.
OG所列考点：Logical prediction 逻辑表达；Verb form 时态  
A：比较对象错误
B：they do正确；但是economical改变了原意
C：economical错
D：correct
E：比较对象错误

Prep08解释：
题目释义：To develop…, demographers would have to…more than now they do about…
考点：
比较结构
1.关于economic和economical
 economic 是”经济上的”，economical是”节约的”。
1)economic [only before noun]PE relating to trade, industry, and the management of money
Economic growth is slow.
the government's economic policy
Economic reform is needed.
In the current economic climate (=conditions), we must keep costs down
2) economical =cheap or not wasteful.
选项分析:
(A)    a great deal与now比较(than后面只有一个成分now，所以a great deal只有与其进行对比)，概念不对等?now作为状语没有与其平行的副词，所以than后面需要有成分能够与a great deal平行，一个好的解决方法是than后面补出主谓，使than前后形成句子的平行，补出谓语的原因是使比较对象没有歧义。
(B)    economic的意思是：relating to trade, industry, and the management of money，而economical为便宜or节省的意思，根据逻辑含义应该用economic。
(C)    economical使用错误。
(D)    Correct；本句使用would have to还是have to都可以(详见补充说明)。
(E)    a great deal与now比较，概念不对等 。
补充说明：
1. would have to know是不很肯定的语气，其表达的是have to do的内容只是一个假设，并不是真的“必须”，而have to表达的意思是，要做的事情非常重要，“必须”去做。在本题中两种含义都合理，因此没有必要做这样的区分。
类似题链接：
大全10.  A large rise in the number of housing starts in the coming year should boost new construction dollars by several billion dollars, making the construction industry’s economic health much more robust than five years ago.
(A) making the construction industry’s economic health much more robust than five years ago
(B) and make the construction industry’s economic health much more robust than five years ago
(C) making the construction industry’s economic health much more robust than it was five years ago
(D) to make the construction industry’s economic health much more robust than five years ago
(E) in making the construction industry’s economic health much more robust than it as five years ago
Key: C
类似例句：
The animosity between those who regulate and those who are regulated has never been more pronounced than in recent debates over environmentalism and pollution control.
这个例句中never与in recent debates相对应。

42、Scientists have recently discovered what could be the largest and oldest living organism on Earth, a giant fungus that is an interwoven filigree of mushrooms and rootlike tentacle fungus s spawned by a single fertilized spore some 10,000 years ago and extending for more than 30 acres in the soil of a Michigan forest.  (重点)
OG所列考点：Verb form 时态；    arallelism平行对称
A：extending现在分词和spawned过去分词并列，因为句中有明显的时间状语，spawned refers to something that happened in the past, while extending refers to something that continues into the present.
B: extends和spawned不平行，而且是除了is以外的又一个谓语动词，造成句意改变，表达不清；
C: extended虽然和spawned平行，但是spawned表达的是过去已经发生过的事情，而extended只能表明发生在过去，而fungus到现在为止还生存在世界上，所以extended不合适
D：it extended和spawned不平行
E：is extending和spawned不平行
词汇：interweave  v.与……交织    filigree    n.精致物品      spawn   v.大量生产           fertilize   v.施肥；受精        spore   n.孢子     tentacle  触须，触角

43、Laos has a land area comparable to that of Great Britain but a population of only four million people, many of whom are members of hill tribes ensconced in the virtually inaccessible mountain valleys of the north.  
OG所列考点：Logical prediction 逻辑表达；Grammatical construction（句子结构）
A：the land area of Laos和Great Britain比较，比较对象不对等，错；where不能指代population
B：there is结构wordy
C：many of them, them指代不清，而且句子结构繁冗
D：and改变了原句的合理重心
E：correct；比较对象对等；whom准确的指代people
词汇：ensconced  安置，隐藏    inaccessible难到达的，难接近的，难见到的

Prep08解释：
题目释义：Laos has a land area… but a population…
考点：
1.    比较对象要形式对称，性质相同；特别指出文中size和area是可以比的。
2.    land area：土地面积。
3.    连词的运用：仅凭逗号是不可以连接两个句子的。
4.    定语从句的关系连词：that/介词+which。
选项分析：
A.    Land area不可以和Great Britain不可比；where引导定语从句修饰population错误。
B.    is和has不平行；land area和size重复；many无指代对象。
C.    定语从句wordy，用形容词短语就可以，更加简洁，而且意思没减少；land area的重复使用也累赘；population为抽象名词，them指代不明；but后面不成句子，无法与前面平行； with a population of only 4 million限定性修饰Laos错误，显得有很多个Laos。
D.    Comparable to the size of Great Britain没有问题；only 4 million in population表达不地道；many无所指；在正式语体里面不应该用and many，而应该用“, many of whom”，否则割裂了many与前句的关系。
E.    correct；有说法E中people和population是重复表达，但population和people一个是"数量值"(the number of people),一个人人群，重心不同，并不重复。注意popluation也有all of the people和a city, town的意思，单数名词。

44、The plot of the Bostonians centers on the rivalry that develops between Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, and Basil Ransom, her charming and cynical cousin, when they find themselves drawn to the same radiant young woman whose talent for public speaking has won her an ardent following.
OG所列考点：Idiom习惯用语；   Rhetorical construction简洁有效
A：between…with…错
B：X against Y错
C：correct
D：同A
E：随意改变句子成分位置，造成表达不清

45、Quasars, at billions of light-years from Earth the most distant observable objects in the universe, are believed to be the cores of galaxies in an early stage of development.
OG所列考点：Grammatical construction（句子结构）
A：缺少谓语，fragment
B：correct
C：语法错误，some believe them to be没有提供一个谓语动词来完成句子结构
D：同C
E：同C

46、In ancient Thailand, much of the local artisans' creative energy was expended on the creation of Buddha images and on construction and decoration of the temples in which they were enshrined
OG所列考点：Idiom习惯用语；   Rhetorical construction简洁有效
             arallelism平行对称
A：expended on 花费，用光 ，A当中的expend for错，不符合习惯用语；they指代不清
B：correct：三者并列正确；expended on 固定搭配正确
C：as well as更强调前者，错误；constructing破坏了平行
D：and also把一个句子分成两个，而creating/construcing/decorating是一起修饰energy的，故不简洁
E：as well as错；句子改变了原句的意思

47、Five fledgling sea eagles left their nests in western Scotland this summer, bringing to 34 the number of wild birds successfully raised since transplants from Norway began in 1975.
OG所列考点：Grammatical construction（句子结构）； Verb form 时态
自己提炼考点：Agreement前后一致（代词指代一致，主谓搭配一致）
A：correct；bringing动名词放在句末做前面动作的状语，结果状语，是前面一系列动作的结果，而不是eagles本身bring
B：时态错误；主谓搭配错误
C：it指代错误；时态错误
D：it指代错误
E：语法上虽然没有问题，但是不如A好。（OG原话：it was not the eagles themselves but rather the entire action of their leaving their nests that brought the number to 34）

48、In 1713,Alexander Pope began his translation of the Iliad, a work that took him seven years until complete and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope's contemporary, pronounced the greatest translation in any language.
OG所列考点：Grammatical construction（句子结构）；Logical prediction 逻辑表达
A：a work that缺少谓语动词构成完成的句子结构
B：correct
C：it指代a work，但是在句子中已经有that来指代a work了，所以这个结构繁冗
D：a work就近修饰Iliad,错误，应该修饰的是Pope's translation.
E：同D；连词and改变了原句的重心

Prep08解释：
题目释义： Alexander Pope began his translation …, a work that …. and that….
a work引导同位语从句，修饰the Iliad，that…and that…并列修饰work，第二个that引导的从句中，that(指代a work)做pronounced的宾语，the greatest translation…是宾补。
考点：
平行对称，逻辑表达
1.    逻辑表达，修饰同一对象的成分必须用连词连接使其平行，否则会产生修饰歧义。
2.    平行对称，出现连词and要注意句子的平行对象是否合理并且符合原句意思。
3.    pronounce固定搭配: pronounce sb/sth sth
4.    不定式的用法，参照前面182题。
选项分析:
(A)    taking him seven years until completion做了插入语，使得a work that后面的that从句没有主干内容；take sb. some time until completion中，completion的动作发出者不明。
(B)    Correct；sth. that sb. pronounce sth.中pronounce的宾语that已经前置，同时也说明了定语从句先行词在定从中做宾语，在考虑平行、无歧义的情况下，有时需要补出关系代词。
(C)    使用过去完成时态错误，过去完成时表达了had taken发生在began以前：“书在开始翻以前就被翻译好了”，很荒谬；take seven years to complete中take后面省略宾语him使得谁在complete不清楚，好像是指所有人；pronounce it as …it多余，且固定搭配错误，pronounce sb/sth sth中没有as。
(D)    a work变成了同位修饰the Iliad，而不是the translation，错误；take后面省略宾语him使得谁在complete不清楚；until completion将take与complete的关系割裂，造成completion的动作发出者不明，同时使得前面take seven years没有意义；pronounce it as …it多余，且固定搭配错误，pronounce sb/sth sth中没有as。
(E)    a work变成了同位修饰the Iliad，而不是the translation，错误；使用过去完成时态错误，过去完成时表达了had taken发生在began以前：“书在开始翻以前就被翻译好了”，很荒谬；and后面并没有采用与前面that平行的方式，而是重新起了一个分句，使得句式awkward, weird&unclear。
补充说明：
OG12-48的解释：
Logical predication; Grammatical construction
Pope’s translation of the Iliad, not the Iliad itself, took seven years to complete. Th e main point of
the sentence is that Pope began this translation in 1713, and every other comment about it must be
subordinated to that opening claim, in parallel relative clauses.
A.    work that … requires a verb; without it, the sentence is a fragment.
B.    Correct. Pope’s translation is described as a work, which is then described concisely in two dependent clauses.
C.    The pronoun it after pronounced is redundant, an ungrammatical reference to a work, which has already been referenced by the relative pronoun that. ungrammatical reference to a work, which has already been referenced by the relative pronoun that.
D.    The appositive phrase a work … incorrectly refers to the Iliad, not Pope’s translation.
E.    The appositive phrase a work … incorrectly refers to the Iliad; the coordinating conjunction introduces inappropriate emphasis on Johnson’s description, and the expression is awkward and unclear.

49、The automotive conveyor-belt system, which Henry Ford modeled after an assembly-line technique introduced by Ransom Olds, reduced the time required to assemble a Model T from a day and a half to 93 minutes.
OG所列考点：Idiom习惯用语；   Rhetorical construction简洁有效
A：固定搭配require to do… ，所以A当中的require…of错；reduce后面直接跟介词短语不符合常用的表达习惯，应该用名词time跟在reduce的后面，直接表达reduce的动作对象
B：being required和down to表达多余，繁冗；逗号没有必要
C：being required表达繁冗；a day and a half to 93 minutes缺少了form to孤立
D：correct
E：reduce后面直接跟介词短语不符合常用的表达习惯，应该用名词time跟在reduce的后面，直接表达reduce的动作对象；固定搭配require to do… ，所以required for错误
词汇：conveyor-belt   n.传送带             assembly-line   n.装配线         assemble  vt. 集合，聚合；装配

50、According to some analysts, the gain in the stock market reflect growing confidence that the economy will avoid the recession that many had feared earlier in the year and instead come in for a "soft landing", followed by a gradual increase in business activity.（重点）
OG所列考点：Grammatical construction（句子结构）；Rhetorical construction简洁有效
A：correct；that引导的两个从句平行并列，注意come前面省略了will；instead强调了对比（that引导两个并列从句，主语为economy，谓语动词为will avoid和(will) come, Instead在这里表达转折"反而，却"的意思。）
B：what不能代替that；the economy to avoid the recession表达繁冗而且逻辑意思不正确；rather to come不符合常用表达
C：earlier in the year应该跟在many had feared后面；instead to come不符合常用表达且与前面不平行
D：recession后面必须加that；现在进行时时态错误；rather to come不符合常用表达
E：that was feared被动语态不简洁，没必要; with it instead coming表达繁冗，而且不符合语法

有理想没有钱

我必须顶起来。。。。。。。。。。。。。。

笨蛋加油

我必须顶起来。。。。。。。。。。。。。。

-- by 会员 有理想没有钱 (2012/1/20 6:09:03)

笨蛋加油

傻了呢今天，忘掉51--60了。。。明天补上。。。

笨蛋加油

61、Rivaling the pyramids of Egypt or even the ancient cities of the Maya as an achievement, the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, China's first emperor, in his afterlife is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete them.
A.    took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete them
B.    took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete it
C.    took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete
D.    700,000 artisans took more than 36 years to complete        
E.    to complete them took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years
（prep08  2  182）
题目释义：the army is …. and took …. years to complete
考点：
题目释义，指代一致
1. 不定式的用法：当不定式修饰其逻辑宾语时，如Can you give me some work to do?  不定式的后面是不能带宾语的。(具体不定式用法见补充说明)
2. Run-on sentence。
选项分析:
(A)    当不定式修饰其逻辑宾语时，不定式的后面是不能带宾语的：这个句子里to complete做状语修饰动词took和其逻辑主语是the army of terra-cotta warriors，所以其后面不能再带宾语；them与所指对象the army of terra-cotta warriors单复数不一致。
(B)    it必须省略，原因如A。
(C)    Correct。
(D)    700,000 artisans重新引出新的句子，and前缺少逗号，形式上是造成了run-on sentence；同时因为主语不一致，complete后面应该加宾语it来指代the army of terra-cotta warriors。
(E)    to complete提前使句式awkward，常用习惯表达是sth. took sb. some time to do；them与所指对象the army of terra-cotta warriors单复数不一致。
类似题链接
OG12-61：
Rivaling the pyramids of Egypt or even the ancient cities of the Maya as an achievement, the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, in his afterlife is more than
2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete.
(A) the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, China’s fi rst emperor, in his afterlife
is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete
(B) Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, was protected in his afterlife by an army of terracotta warriors that was created more than 2,000 years ago by 700,000 artisans who took more than 36 years to complete it
(C) it took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to create an army of terra-cotta warriors more than 2,000 years ago that would protect Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, in his afterlife
(D) more than 2,000 years ago, 700,000 artisans worked more than 36 years to create an army of
terra-cotta warriors to protect Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, in his afterlife
(E) more than 36 years were needed to complete the army of terra-cotta warriors that 700,000 artisans created 2,000 years ago to protect Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, in his afterlife
Logical predication; Rhetorical construction
The opening modifier, Rivaling the pyramids … describes the army of terra-cotta warriors, which must immediately follow the modifier. The placement of the predicates that follow is important; they must clarify two things about the army of terra-cotta warriors: how old it is and how long it took to complete. The clearest and most effective way to express these two assertions is as parallel verb phrases, is more than 2,000 years old and took … more than 36 years to complete.
A Correct. Th e opening phrase correctly modifies the subject, the army of terra-cotta warriors; the placement of modifiers and predicates in the main clause makes the meaning of the sentence clear.
B Opening phrase is a dangling modifier because it does not describe the subject Qin Shi Huang; in addition, the sentence is awkward and unclear.
C Opening phrase is a dangling modifier because it does not describe the subject it; the sequence of information presented is confusing and unclear.
D Opening phrase is a dangling modifier because it does not describe the subject 700,000 artisans.
E Opening phrase is a dangling modifier because it does not describe the subject more than 36 years.
The correct answer is A.
补充说明：
1. 不定式做状语的含义：
(1) 不定式常常作目的状语、原因状语、结果状语等。
(2) 不定式作状语时，要注意不定式的逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致。
2. 不定式做定语的含义：
(1) 不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如：
    The next train to arrive is from Washington.
    Have you anything to be taken to your sister?
    Do you have anything to say on the question?
    Would you please give me some paper to write on?
    My wish to visit France has come true at last.
(2) 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：
1)    表示将来的动作（例）。
2)    与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例）。
3)    与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍用主动语态（例）；如只有动宾关系，而与句中其它词无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例）。

62、When Congress reconvenes, some newly elected members from rural states will try to establish tighter restrictions on the amount of grain farmers will be allowed to grow and to encourage more aggressive sales of United States farm products overseas.
OG所列考点：Idiom习惯用语；    arallelism平行对称
自己提炼考点：Rhetorical construction简洁有效
A：A当中的try and是口语用法，不符合书面语用法；破环了平行结构；restriction for不符合常用搭配；are to be allowed结构wordy
B：and establish…and encouraging不平行
C：restriction for不符合常用搭配；不平行
D：不平行；capable of being结构wordy
E：correct；restrictions on固定搭配正确；平行简洁

63、The yield of natural gas from Norway's Troll gas field is expected to increase annually until the year 2005 and then to stabilize at six billion cubic feet a day, which will allow such an extraction rate at least for 50 years' production.
A.    2005 and then to stabilize at six billion cubic feet a day, which will allow such an extraction rate at least for
B.    2005 and then to stabilize at six billion cubic feet a day, an extraction rate that will allow at least
C.    2005 and then stabilizing at six billion cubic feet a day, with such an extraction rate at the least allowing
D.    2005, then stabilizing at six billion cubic feet a day, allowing such an extraction rate for at least  
E.    2005, then stabilizing at six billion cubic feet a day, which will allow such an extraction rate for at least
Prep08 2 208
题目释义：The yield of natural gas...is expected to... and then to..., an extraction rate that...
考点：
逻辑意思，句子结构，动词形式
选项分析：
A.    which不能修饰整个句子，在这里which指代了the extraction rate，逻辑错误；at least修饰50 years’ production才合理。
B.    Correct；to increase and to stabilize并列结构合理。
C.    then stabilizing与to increase不平行；with引导的伴随状语错误；at the least错误词组，应该是at least； at least修饰allowing不合理。
D.    then stabilizing做to increase的伴随状语逻辑错误；allowing引导的短语修饰对象不明，可以做stablizing的伴随状语(此时嵌套的修饰awkward)，也可以做主句的伴随状语(此时allowing前需要加上and)。
E.    stabilizing做结果或伴随逻辑意思不合理；which就近修饰the extraction rate逻辑意思不合理。
补充说明：
OG12-63的解释：
Rhetorical construction; Verb form; Logical predication
The sentence is about predications that Troll gas field’s yield would increase until it stabilized at a particular extraction rate in 2005. The term extraction rate refers to six billion cubic feet a day, so it is   redundant and confusingly circular to rename six billion cubic feet with the relative pronoun which in the subject position and then reintroduce extraction rate as the object.
A The relative phrase beginning with which is nonsensical, since the pronoun reference is inaccurate, and the phrase essentially says that the extraction rate enables the extraction rate.
B Correct. The infinitive to stabilize parallels to increase; information about the six billion cubic feet a day is expressed clearly and concisely in an appositive phrase containing a relative clause (an extraction rate that will allow …).
C The phrasing is awkward and unclear; stabilizing is an incorrect verb form; it should be an infi nitive to parallel to increase.
D Stabilizing is an incorrect verb form; it should be an infinitive to parallel to increase; the subsequent phrase is awkward and confusing because it is not clear what noun allowing is supposed to modify.
E Stabilizing violates the requirement of parallelism, and which introduces a nonsensical redundancy, effectively making the claim that the extraction rate (six billion cubic feet) enables the extraction rate.
The correct answer is B.

64、Doctors generally agree that such factors as cigarette smoking, eating rich foods high in fats, and alcohol consumption not only do damage by themselves but also aggravate genetic predispositions toward certain diseases.
OG所列考点：Verb form 时态     Logical prediction 逻辑表达
自己提炼考点：Parallelism平行对称   Grammatical construction（句子结构）
A：correct：not only…but also
B：not only…but also结构不完整；aggravating改变了原文的意思且不符合逻辑
C：同B
D：同B
E：用进行时不对；aggravating改变了原文的意思且不符合逻辑
词汇：aggravate   vt.使恶化，使更严重    genetic  n.遗传的            predisposition n.倾向，素质；易染病体质

65、In a plan to stop the erosion of East Coast beaches, the Army Crops of Engineers proposed building parallel to shore a breakwater of rocks that would rise six feet above the waterline and act as a buffer, absorbing the energy of crashing waves and protecting the beaches.
OG所列考点：Parallelism平行对称   Idiom习惯用语
自己提炼考点：分词结构放在句尾伴随结果
A：absorb都和后文中的protecting不平行
B：act like表示一种动作或是表现behave（He acts as a fool），而act as表示的是一种功能; breakwater作为一个物体不可能behave，所以应该用act as。（like(介词) + 名词\名词短语，表示比较；as(连词) + 主谓结构，表示比较，强调动作的相似性；as(介词) + 名词，表示作为。）
C：correct；平行；act as使用正确；absorbing在句尾做状语修饰前面整句话
D: acting与前面rise不平行
E：acting与前面rise不平行；absorb与后面不平行
词汇：erosion    n.腐蚀，侵蚀，磨损    shore  vt.支撑，支持      buffer   n.缓冲机；vt. 缓冲    breakwater防浪堤

笨蛋加油

66、The 32 species that make up the dolphin family are closely related to whales and in fact include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is famous for its aggressive hunting pods.
A.    include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is
B.    include the animal known as the killer whale, growing as big as 30 feet long and
C.    include the animal known as the killer whale, growing up to 30 feet long and being
D.    includes the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow as big as 30 feet long and is  
E.    includes the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and it is
（prep08  1  236）
    
题目释义：The 32 species are related to W and in fact include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is famous for…
考点：
逻辑意思（logical predication） 平行结构（parallelism） 习惯用语（idiom） 主谓一致（agreement）
1.    如果前面主句是主谓宾结构(非主系表结构)，现在分词在句尾做状语。
2.    grow as big as 40 feet和grow to be 30 feet long意思相同。
选项分析：
A.    Correct；which指代the killer whale，grow to和is famous for平行。
B.    growing做伴随状语修饰了谓语动词include及其主语the 32 species，错误；as big as和long重复，用一个就好(size和length是同一概念)。
C.    growing错误同B；being+adj.错误。
D.    includes应用复数形式，因为主语是the 32 species，且与其平行的谓语动词用了are；grow as错误同B。
E.    includes错误同D；which从句中犯了run-on sentence错误，it应该删去。
补充说明：
OG12-66解释：
Rhetorical construction; Agreement
The subject of the sentence is the 32 species that make up the dolphin family, and the sentence makes two claims about them: Th ey are closely related, and they include the killer whale. The relative pronoun which restates the object of the second verb, reintroducing the animal known as the killer whale as the subject of a relative clause followed by two parallel verbs: can grow and is famous.
A Correct. In this concise sentence, verbs agree in number with their subjects and the relative pronoun which indicates clearly that the animal known as the killer whale is the subject of the verbs in the dependent clause.
B Changing the verb to the participial growing introduces ambiguity, because it could refer back to the subject of the sentence (32 species).
C The participial growing might refer to the 32 species; the introduction of being is unnecessarily wordy and adds nothing in terms of meaning.
D as big as is an idiomatically incorrect expression of the comparison; the plural verb form include is needed to match the plural subject the 32 species.
E It simply restates the subject of the previous phrase, introducing more words but no additional meaning; the singular verb form includes should be the plural form include.
The correct answer is A.

67、Affording strategic proximity to the Strait Gibraltar, Morocco was also of interest to the French throughout the first half of the twentieth century because they assumed that without it their trip on Algeria would never be secure.（重点题）
OG所列考点：Verb form 时态（虚拟语气）     Rhetorical construction简洁有效
A：由if引导的条件状语从句应该使用虚拟语气，表示“与现在事实相反”，if条件从句为if I(we, you, he, they)+动词过去式（be的过去式用were）,结果主句为I should ，you/he/they would+动词原形。有时可以用用介词短语表示含蓄条件。这个题目中：正确的形式应为：if x happened， then y would happen。因此A中的was应该改为would be
B：correct
C：was应该改为would be；由于M和A都在it前面，所以导致it指代不清，可以指代Morocco也可以指代Algeria
D：that错误，应用it。could never be secure about their grip句意结构awkward
E：由于M和A都在it前面，所以导致it指代不清，可以指代Morocco也可以指代Algeria



68、The first trenches that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence for centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East that were arising simultaneously with but independently of the more celebrated city-states of southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq.（重点题）
A.    that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence for centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East that were arising simultaneously with but
B.    that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, yields strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East were arising simultaneously with but also
C.    having been cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East were arising simultaneously but
D.    cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, yields strong evidence of centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East arising simultaneously but also    
E.    cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East arose simultaneously with but
（prep08  2  192）
题目释义：The first trenches …, Syria, have yielded strong evidence that ….. societies (…) arose simultaneously with but independently of the more celebrated city-states ……..
simultaneously with与independently of在but前后，构成并列。
在S的TH地方挖出来的500英亩的沟极好地证明了，中央集权的复杂社会在中东的北部地区与更为著名的城邦南美索不达米亚（现在的南伊朗）同时但是独立地出现了。
考点：
逻辑表达，平行对称，简洁有效
1. 在表示发现、理论、现象等等的内容时，用that引导宾语的同位语从句是比较好的结构。从句可以很清楚地说明现象、理论的内容，避免大量的介系词、代词，使句子简单清晰。
2. evidence后面要跟同位语从句来说明evidence的具体内容，而evidence for后面是要跟某个theory或idea来表达evidence支持该theory或idea的。如"evidence FOR evolution"是指支持进化论的证据。
3. 过去进行时与一般过去时的对比：
      过去进行时与一般过去时，两者都表示过去发生的动作,但过去进行时表示在过去某一特定的时间点或时间段正在进行的动作,而一般过去时表示在过去时间完成的动作?
例如:  I was typing a letter last night. 昨晚我在打一封信?(可能没打完)
I typed some letters last night. 我昨晚打了一些信?(已经打完)
4. 现在完成时时与一般现在时：
     yield用现在完成时与一般现在时都说得通，但是含义不一样，用have yield说明了the first trenches是过去发现的，至今仍能提供证据，而yield的话则是说明是现在发现的，所以用have yield更合理
5. 固定搭配：
  simultaneous(ly) with：occurring or operating at the same time，同时
  independent(ly) of：独立于…之外，与…无关
选项分析：
(A) that were cut不如直接done做后置定语简洁；evidence后面要跟同位语从句来说明evidence的具体内容，而evidence for后面是要跟某个theory或idea来表达evidence支持该theory或idea的；were arising时态错，好像在表达rise在那段时间之后还没有结束，应该用一般过去时更合理；第二个that就近修饰northern regions的歧义。
(B) that were cut不如直接done做后置定语简洁；yields错，主谓一致trenches对应yield；were arising时态不对，应该是过去时；yield用现在完成时才合理；but (also)没有问题。  
(C) having been不能做限定性修饰，错误；were arising时态错；simutaneously后面要跟上with才能加名词，并且才与independently of平行。
(D) 主谓一致yields错；simultaneously后面缺少with；yield用现在完成时才合理。  
(E) Correct。
OG所列考点：Parallelism平行对称   Grammatical construction（句子结构）
             Agreement前后一致（主谓搭配一致）
词汇：trench  n.深沟；战壕             yield   v.生产；屈服，放弃

69、Once they had seen the report from the medical examiner, the investigators had no doubt that the body recovered from the river was that of the man who had attempted to escape from the state prison.
OG所列考点：Verb form 时态     Diction(措词)
A:当doubt用在否定结构中（如：there is no doubt或he does not doubt）时，后面跟that，所以doubt weather错；A dead body can not be a man, the body is that of a man.
B:当一个句子前面的从句用了过去完成时，那么后面的从句就应该用一般过去时。本题结构为：Once x had happened, then y happened.因此have应该为had；doubt weather错；A dead body can not be a man, the body is that of a man.
C:时态错；A dead body can not be a man, the body is that of a man.
D：时态错；doubt weather错
E：correct

70、His studies of ice-polished rocks in his Alpine homeland, far outside the range of present-day glaciers, led Louis Agassiz in 1837 to propose the concept of an age in which great ice sheets existed in what are temperate areas.
OG所列考点：Verb form 时态    Rhetorical construction简洁有效
A：had existed，时态错误；now和currently重复
B：correct
C：where there were areas now temperate繁冗
D：had existed，时态错误；current应该换为currently；in current temperate areas表达不清楚
E：副词now应该在be动词are后面
注意：此题中用when和in which都可以

笨蛋加油

任务完成，继续看prep。。。

笨蛋加油

51、A new study suggest that the conversational pace of everyday life may be so brisk that it hampers the ability of some children to distinguish discrete sounds and words and, as a result, to make sense of speech.
OG所列考点：Rhetorical construction简洁有效      arallelism平行对称  
Diction(措词)
A：ability/inability of sb. to do… A当中的ability of sb. for…错；and, the result is这个
插入语好像是在说children’s inability to distinguish discrete sounds and words enables them to make sense of speech；so…that…结构不完整
B: correct；被conversational pace of everyday life阻碍的两种能力用平行的的形式表达出来
C：this不能裸奔；the result of this是一个新的主语，在语法上需要有谓语；整个句子wordy and unclear
D：句子以这种形式出现表达的是：the conversational pace of everyday life results in not making sense of speech.而把children这个受影响的群体给排除在外了
E：整个句子结构句意wordy，unclear，awkward；for错误同A
词汇：brisk   adj.；忙碌的       discrete  adj.分离的；不相关联的    make sense of   搞清……的意思

52、Long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, Josephine Baker made Paris her home, and she remained in France during the Second World War as a performer and an intelligence agent for the Resistance.
OG所列考点：Rhetorical construction简洁有效      arallelism平行对称  
A：本句是由and引导的并列句，由第二句she做主语看来，根据平行结构，前面一句的主语应该为Josephine Baker，所以A中Paris做主语，错；A当中的To JB…her繁冗
B：For JB, long before…expatriate,在主句前添加两个修饰元素繁冗；结构不对称
C：to be an expatriate was fashionable繁冗
D：correct；
E：being错；结构不平行
词汇：fashionable adj.流行的，时髦的       expatriate  n.侨民

53、The nineteenth-century chemist Humphry Davy presented the results of his early experiments in his "Essay on Heat and Light," a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of a new chemistry that Davy hoped to found.
OG所列考点：Rhetorical construction简洁有效      arallelism平行对称
A: correct; a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of做"Essay on Heat and Light,"的同位语；两个功能平行对称
B：不平行对称；and also his envisioning of表达wordy
C：不平行对称
D：不平行对称
E：句意confusing，好像是说他在critiqued自己的vision

54、The report recommended that the hospital eliminate unneeded beds, consolidate expensive services, and use space in other hospitals.
OG所列考点：Parallelism平行对称     Grammatical construction（句子结构）
A：recommend that后面不用再加should，加should重复；run-on-sentence；
B：should错；不平行
C：同B
D：不平行
E：correct

55、Many house builder offer rent-to-buy programs that enable a family with insufficient savings for a conventional down payment to move into new housing and to apply part of the rent to a purchase later.
OG所列考点：Rhetorical construction简洁有效   Logical prediction 逻辑表达
自己提炼考点：Parallelism平行对称
A：to be able to和上文中的enable重复；able to move和to apply不平行对称
B：correct
C：分号将句子断开，那么that就不能指代上一句中的program；两个不定式to move 和to apply之间应该用and连接，而不应该是逗号；
D：enables不能和复数先行词programs一致
E：which之前不应该使用逗号，因为which引导的是和先行词关系紧密的限定性定语从句；applying跳过which引导的定语从句修饰主句当中的builders，修饰对象发生变化

56、Many of the earliest known images of Hindu deities in India date from the time of the Kushan Empire and were fashioned either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from Gandharan grey schist
OG所列考点：Parallelism平行对称   Logical prediction 逻辑表达
A：fashioned应该修饰images of Hindu deities ，而A中fashioned过去分词在句末修饰临近的词Empire，错。不平行
B：同A
C：同A
D：不平行
E：correct
词汇：deity   n.神；女神               empire  n.帝国            schist  n.片岩

57、It can hardly be said that educators are at fault for not anticipating the impact of microcomputer technology: Alvin Toffler, one of the most prominent student of the future, did not even mention microcomputers in Future Shock, published in 1970.
OG所列考点：Rhetorical construction简洁有效  Grammatical construction（句子结构）
A：尽管用that引导的从句来做句子主语理论上是可以的，但是这种直接叙述的方式很可能会导致语法错误，就像A选项中主句的谓语动词后面直接加从句是不正确的
B：同A；且can hardly be said to be at fault 在语法上不能构成一个完整的从句
C：that it is …who have not繁冗，扭曲原意，无法构成完整的句子结构；
D：correct
E：the fact繁冗；这种句子结构改变了正确的句意

58、A leading figure in the Scottish Enlightenmen, Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism what Marx's Das Kapital is to socialism.
OG所列考点：Logical prediction 逻辑表达    Idiom习惯用语
A：A leading figure描述的是Adam Smith，而不是Adam Smith'stwo books
B：同A；不符合固定搭配习惯用语：X is to Y what A is to B
C：同B
D：同B
E：correct

59、The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek world，for a sacred truce was proclaimed during the month of festival.
OG所列考点：Idiom习惯用语    Rhetorical construction简洁有效
A：in that这个词组已经过时，gmat中不再使用；festival's month不如the month of festival好
B：proclaiming的动作发出者不明，proclaiming在句末作状语不合逻辑
C：they指代不清；when没有表达出句子该表达的因果关系
D：correct；for等于because
E：wordy and awkward

60、While all states face similar industrial waste problems, the predominating industries and the regulatory environment of each states obviously determine the types and amounts of waste produced, as well as the cost of disposal.
OG所列考点：Grammatical construction（句子结构）  Agreement前后一致（主谓搭配一致）
自己提炼考点：Logical prediction 逻辑表达
A：主谓搭配错误；句子以while开头，这里的while表让步，相当于although，句子所表达的意思是所有states类似的situation与每一个state不同的situation的一个对比，所以前面从句应用all，后面主句应用each