Season 1——manhattan 12(moon was formed from)(已结贴）

毛毛carina

12. Some scientists suggest the moon had been formed out of part of the Earth, which was dislodged perhaps by ameteor.
A. the moon had been formed out of part of the Earth, which was dislodged perhaps
B. that the moon was formed from part of the Earth that had perhaps been dislodged
C. that part of the Earth formed the moon, which was dislodged perhaps
D. the moon was formed out of part of the Earth, having perhaps been dislodged
E. that the moon had been formed from part of the Earth, which perhaps had been dislodged

选项解析：
There are several errors in the original sentence. First, “some scientists suggest the moon…” illogically indicates that the moon is the object of the verb “suggest.” The scientists are not suggesting the moon, rather they are suggesting something about the moon. Second, “formed out of” is wordier than the preferred idiom “formed from.” Finally, the relative pronoun “which” must refer to the immediately preceding noun, suggesting illogically in this case that “the Earth” was dislodged by a meteor. It is more likely that the author intends to say that “a part” of the Earth was dislodged, or that “the moon” was dislodged from the Earth.
(A) This choice is incorrect as it repeats the original sentence.
(B) CORRECT.This choice begins with “some scientists suggest that the moon was formed…” clearing up the confusion from the original sentence about what the scientists are suggesting. Second, this choice uses the preferred idiom “formed from.” The modifying phrase “that had perhaps been dislodged” correctly refers to “part of the Earth.”
(C) The use of the active verb “formed” is incorrect here because it illogically suggests that “part of the Earth” had an active role in forming the moon.
(D) First, “some scientists suggest the moon…” illogically indicates that the moon is the object of the verb “suggest.” The scientists are not suggesting the moon, rather they are suggesting something about the moon. Second, “formed out of” is wordier than the preferred idiom “formed from.”
(E) The scientists suggest that two actions occurred: “the moon had been formed” and “part of the Earth…had been dislodged.” Both of these actions took place in the distant past, and it is logical to infer that the part was dislodged, and later the moon was formed from it. However, this choice uses the past perfect tense for both actions, incorrectly indicating that the part was dislodged and the moon simultaneously formed. Furthermore, the past perfect tense is only used correctly to indicate that one action took place prior to some other action in the simple past tense; this sentence has no verbs in the simple past tense, so the use of the past perfect tense is not warranted.

题目点评：
修饰、时态、固定搭配

本题第一种破题方法：应该用which还是that还是用结果状语对前文进行修饰，直接排除A,C,D,E得出答案。当然也可以用“时态”和“suggest后跟that比不跟更好”进行进一步的确认。如果熟悉定语从句（非限定性与限定性的区别）、having done的用法，本题可以在15秒内得出答案。

另一种做题思维（适合赶时间的勇士，但不推荐平时练习这么做）：
宾语从句一般有that比没有that好（记住，没有that在很多场合不能算是绝对性错误，有了that只是让句子结构更加清晰），排除A,D（前三词先杀两个选项）；part of the Earth必须被限定，杀掉A,C,E。最后留下B。

第三种做题思维（适合阅读能力强的童鞋）：看到这个句子，想到月球被dislodge应该发生在月球形成以前，所以应该dislodge用过去完成时，而月球形成用一般过去时，排除A,C,E。另外想到having been dislodged用于修饰part of the earth比修饰moon更好，所以排除D选项。最后得到B。

比较上面提到的三种解题思维，如果能够从逻辑出发思考时间的先后秩序，无疑是最好、正确率最高的选择。

which和that的区别在于两点：
(1)限定性定从与非限定性定从的区别（见prep08-sc语法笔记2-168补充说明）
(2)虽然which也可以跳跃修饰，但是除非逻辑特别特别明显或从句谓语单复数一致性要求，which一般还是就近修饰。在此which就倾向于修饰the Earth。而that则可以比较自由，逻辑上只要跳跃修饰更好一点，那么就可以跳跃修饰（这个区别很subtle）。
*：本题这两点区别都可以把A,C,E秒杀。

having done的用法：其所表达的事件发生在主句事件以前。（详见prep08-sc语法笔记1-188补充说明）

过去完成时：
过去完成时表达的是过去的过去，所以需要与一个过去的时态作对比，也即如果句子里面没有特别明显表达过去的过去或者没有某个动词是过去时态，那么必不会出现过去完成时。

还有一点要注意：看到suggest不能马上就认为应该用虚拟语气，suggest只有表示建议的时候后面才用虚拟。貌似木有同学犯这个错误~

思维点评：
1. “that引导的限定性定语从句就近修饰，”――紫诺
“B里面定语从句修饰prat of the Earth还是the Earth太混淆了。”――helio5
“a,b,e的which/that都指earth”――innerwarrior
无论是that和which引导的定语从句都不是绝对就近修饰的，修饰对象应该是根据最合理的逻辑意思来判断，具体的that和which之间的区别见上面“题目点评”。

2. “且根据主动优于被动的原则排除B”――紫诺
“用主动语态能够更有效的表达原句的意思”――helio5
“GMAT考试中主动优于被动，以及B中比较莫名的过去完成时态，削弱了选项B是为正确答案的可能性”――clover033
C选项用了主动恰恰是错误所在，C选项的表达好像再说part of the Earth主动地修成了moon，而事实上moon的形成是偶然的、客观的。

“主动优于被动原则”确实存在，其流行可以说缘于上世纪影响很大的文法名著《the Elements of Style》（这本书对简洁清晰有近乎偏执的追求，因此与GMAT的很多思想不谋而合，所以应该也算是GMAT备考要是时间多可以拿起来看看的好书）的推广，但是最近几年随着语法的发展，无论是学术界还是商界，更多人开始偏向于用被动语态来表示“客观性”、“被动性”（非主观、非主动）。而其实GMAT也是一门进步中的学科（所以不要惊讶过去的一些规律被打破），现在的GMAT已经摒弃了这个规则，在很多情况下，特别是做客观性描述时，也已倾向于用被动语态（同样地，对于which倾向于指代最近的名词这一点，也已经开始在最近的题目中出现越来越多的例外）。总之一点，这些看着条条框框的规则，以后做题时一定都要丢掉！

曾有人问，不知道怎么丢，没有条框、原则更不知道怎么下手。
首先，条框很多都是错的，照着做只会跟着错。
其次，做题时可以先找找看语法点，然后分析为什么该语法点会存在，比如本题：为什么被动语态被接受，到底好在哪里，现在明白了，是为了表达“客观性”，那么这个规则就丢掉了，不是吗？因此，想得越多，丢掉越多。到考场上应对SC理想的状态应该只有一句话：前后一致，结构简洁，语义单一而精准。

to clover033: 虽然我们选得确实是正确的可能性最大的选项，但是，“可能性最大”是基于理性分析（以“前后一致，结构简洁，语义单一而精准”为准则），而不是基于套用条框原则的。

3. “A&D: 省略了that, 句子變成 "Some scientists suggest" "the moon... "=>run- on sentence, 所以排除AD.”――jeforever
此处不能算run-on sentence哦，宾语从句省略连接词that的情况其实GMAT里面也常有出现，只不是那都是在表意非常清晰的情况下。此处补出that更为清晰，因为suggest后面可以直接接noun，不去分析语法结构的读者（正常读者都不分析）在读这个句子的时候会以为some scientists suggest the moon是一个整体，因此造成了表意不清。

这一点，也就是语法笔记2008使用说明Tpis中的第一条：做题时可以站在读者的角度看题，也即“我”作为一个读者，看这句话的时候会不会产生另一个外一个理解，或者会不会感觉绕口看不懂，往往这样的选项就是错的 — 正确选项常常是最清晰简洁的那个。

3. “Cwhich修饰moon？”――nhelpn
“所以应该是月亮（也就是地球之前的一部分）离开原位，而不是地球整体。”――200814005
虽然确实可以说moon被dislodged，但是本题中which had been dislodged修饰part比修饰moon更好（但都不错），而SC里面是选最好的。

4. “至于很多筒子强调的B中的had been的事情发生先后顺序的问题，个人觉得，had been/done 只有和have/has been/done在一起用才会起到表示先后顺序的问题。而单独出现的话，还是要看有没有时间标志词嗯。所以B，不对。”――200814005
“感觉had been dislodged时态也不是很好。”――helio5
首先，不要用感觉，而要用逻辑意思来做SC。
其次，两个动作前后发生，虽然一个主句，一个从句，但是已经足够让其中一个是过去完成时，一个是一般过去时了。另外，had been/done基本上都是和一般过去时连用的（来表达比过去还要过去），或者单独出现的话，正如200814005所说，要看有没有时间标志词。

其实细想我们可以发现，have作为表示时态的助动词时，作用是将时态比参照时间段还往前提一个时间段。

做题小tips：
思考清楚事件的时间先后关系可以极大地帮助解题，同时，时态问题，基本上必须从逻辑入手。比如本题，如果明确了时间先后关系，就可以确定前者was formed要用一般过去时，had been dislodged要用过去完成时。

固定搭配如果可以记住更好，记不住，别太担心，基本上单独考固定搭配的概率很小（1%），遇到是属于运气比较不好了。固定搭配基本上需要死记，有部分可以通过组成固定搭配成分的含义推出，比如in和over的区别，但是考场上极可能没有那么多时间。

精华楼层：
5楼――bbfcsak (头像和语言都很幽默)
9楼――200814005(查证的精神值得鼓励)
14楼――纳丁Cat(“甩出去”。。。Orz)

紫诺

原句的意思：一些科学家认为月亮是由地球的一部分形成的，可能是被流星驱逐出去的


suggest引导的宾语从句中，that不能省略  排除A D
which 引导的非限定性定语从句就近修饰，根据句意，后半个分句修饰的是moon，排除E
that引导的限定性定语从句就近修饰，且根据主动优于被动的原则  排除B
选C

弗拉多

B吧

C的意思不对

弗拉多

AE选项的which
D选项的having
C选项改变了原句的意思

shentao1237

选B
A、D省略了that，直接排除
C中which修饰moon逻辑意思不对
E时态错误，form和dislodge之间应该是有先后的

bbfcsak

选b。
按照逻辑意思考虑先，月球是在地球被ameter炸开后才形成的，所以地球被ameter炸是先发生的，而月球从地球分出来是后发生的，介于两个时间都是发生在过去，那么显然地球被ameter炸需要用过去完成时。
所以A错误，因为A表达的意思是月球形成是在地球被ameter炸之前发生，逻辑错误。
然后C选项，从逻辑意思出发，你会发现which指代了moon，也就是说地球形成的moon，moon是被ameter炸开的。显然的逻辑错误。
然后D选项，动词ing形式表伴随，解释前面的句子，于是having的发出者变成了上个句子的主语the moon，逻辑意思错误，同C选项，所以排除。
然后E选项，过去完成时只有在有跟过去时比较时才能使用，显然这个选项同时用了两个过去完成时是不正确的，而且这两个时间的发生是有明显的顺序的，同时用过去完成时就忽略了题目凸显这前后顺序的目的。所以排除。

然而答案b，是最符合逻辑意思的，有过去时和过去完成时，有鲜明的先后顺序，且指代分明。所以正确答案是B


gmat考试逻辑为王！！！！

jeforever

答案選B
A&D: 省略了that, 句子變成 "Some scientists suggest" "the moon... "=>run- on sentence, 所以排除AD.
C: which修飾了moon錯誤, 按照邏輯是要修飾part of the Earth, 排除C.
E: 前後兩句都使用過去完成式, 無法表達事情發生先後順序, 邏輯錯誤!, 排除E.

B: that指代正確且時態清楚

nhelpn

C
which修饰moon？

俺同意紫诺的意见。

若雪

12. Some scientists suggest the moon hadbeen formed out of part of the Earth, which was dislodged perhaps by ameteor.
        A       the moon had been formed out of part ofthe Earth, which was dislodged perhaps
        B       that the moon was formed from part of theEarth that had perhaps been dislodged
        C       that part of the Earth formed the moon,which was dislodged perhaps
        D      the moon was formed out of part of theEarth, having perhaps been dislodged
        E       that the moon had been formed from partof the Earth, which perhaps had been dislodged

-- by 会员 毛毛carina (2011/9/13 22:40:32)

B
一些科学家暗示说月亮是由地球的一部分组成【那部分是被流星驱逐的】
suggest后如果是完整句子需要加that从句 排除 AD
时态。先驱逐再form moon, 所以moon was formed, part of the earth had been...
同时这个that限定性修饰part of the Earth 整体。
B

200814005

12. Some scientists suggest the moon hadbeen formed out of part of the Earth, which was dislodged perhaps by ameteor.
        A       the moon had been formed out of part ofthe Earth, which was dislodged perhaps
        B       that the moon was formed from part of theEarth that had perhaps been dislodged
        C       that part of the Earth formed the moon,which was dislodged perhaps
        D      the moon was formed out of part of theEarth, having perhaps been dislodged
        E       that the moon had been formed from partof the Earth, which perhaps had been dislodged

-- by 会员 毛毛carina (2011/9/13 22:40:32)

我觉得其实BC争议的点无非是在于which到底是修饰moon还是earth,或者说 dislodged到底修饰的是谁。


刚去查了一下朗文。上面的例句是：Ian dislodged a few stones as he climbed up the rock.


dislodge的解释是to force or knock something out of its position。
所以应该是月亮（也就是地球之前的一部分）离开原位，而不是地球整体。
所以C的which没有错。


至于很多筒子强调的B中的had been的事情发生先后顺序的问题，个人觉得，had been/done 只有和have/has been/done在一起用才会起到表示先后顺序的问题。而单独出现的话，还是要看有没有时间标志词嗯。所以B，不对。