【有问必答】TPO阅读疑难杂症解答专帖

反衬

Children and Advertising (TPO14)  第一篇
Young children are trusting of commercial advertisements in the media, and advertisers have sometimes been accused of taking advantage of this trusting outlook. The Independent Television Commission, regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom, has criticized advertisers for "misleadingness"-creating a wrong impression either intentionally or unintentionally-in an effort to control advertisers' use of techniques that make it difficult for children to judge the true size, action, performance, or construction of a toy.
General concern about misleading tactics that advertisers employ is centered on the use of exaggeration. Consumer protection groups and parents believe that children are largely ill--equipped to recognize such techniques and that often exaggeration is used at the expense of product information. Claims such as "the best" or 'better than" can be subjective and misleading; even adults may be unsure as to their meaning. They represent the advertiser's opinions about the qualities of their products or brand and, as a consequence, are difficulty to verify Advertisers sometimes offset or counterbalance an exaggerated claim with a disclaimer-a qualification or condition on the claim. For example, the claim that breakfast cereal has a health benefit may be accompanied by the disclaimer "when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast." However, research has shown that children often have difficulty understanding disclaimers: children may interpret the phrase "when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast" to mean that the cereal is required as a necessary part of a balanced breakfast. The author George Comstock suggested that less than a quarter of children between the ages of six and eight years old understood standard disclaimers used in many toy advertisements and that disclaimers are more readily comprehended when presented in both audio and visual formats. Nevertheless, disclaimers are mainly presented in audio format only.
■Fantasy is one of the more common techniques in advertising that could possibly mislead a young audience. ■Child-oriented advertisements are more likely to include magic and fantasy than advertisements aimed at adults. ■In a content analysis of Canadian television, the author Stephen Kline observed that nearly all commercials for character toys featured fantasy play. ■Children have strong imaginations and the use of fantasy brings their ideas to life, but children may not be adept enough to realize that what they are viewing is unreal. Fantasy situations and settings are frequently used to attract children's attention, particularly in food advertising. Advertisements for breakfast cereals have, for many years, been found to be especially fond of fantasy techniques, with almost nine out of ten including such content. Generally, there is uncertainty as to whether very young children can distinguish between fantasy and reality in advertising. Certainly, rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisements use emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or associations.
The use of celebrities such as singers and movie stars is common in advertising. The intention is for the positively perceived attributes of the celebrity to be transferred to the advertised product and for the two to become automatically linked in the audience's mind. In children's advertising, the ·celebrities" are often animated figures from popular cartoons. In the recent past, the role of celebrities in advertising to children has often been conflated with the concept of host selling Host selling involves blending advertisements with regular programming in a way that makes it difficult to distinguish one from the other. Host selling occurs, for example, when a children's show about a cartoon lion contains an ad in which the same lion promotes a breakfast cereal. The psychologist Dale Kunkel showed that the practice of host selling reduced children's ability to distinguish between advertising and program material. It was also found that older children responded more positively to products in host selling advertisements.
Regarding the appearance of celebrities in advertisements that do not involve host selling, the evidence is mixed. Researcher Charles Atkin found that children believe that the characters used to advertise breakfast cereals are knowledgeable about cereals, and children accept such characters as credible sources of nutritional information. This finding was even more marked for heavy viewers of television. In addition, children feel validated in their choice of a product when a celebrity endorses that product. A study of children in Hong Kong, however, found that the presence of celebrities in advertisements could negatively affect the children's perceptions of a product if the children did not like the celebrity in question
就是第13题，我想问这个题目的A选项错在那里？是不是在文章本身没有use audio and visual formats，只有audio，所以错？如果删除visual formats就对了？
Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it to review the passage, click View Text
Advertisers sometimes use strategies that can mislead children.
Answer Choices
?   A :   Advertisements can be misleading to children when the advertisements use audio and visual formats that are especially appealing to children.

-- by 会员 alicejingli (2010/8/30 19:57:33)

就算删掉visual，也错。 你要看看A选项这些文字来源于何处。很明显，是来自细节的。而且是来自说明disclaimer的细节，是细节下的细节。当然不选。

mingming29710

材料来源：TPO3

对应段落： Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. Of course in early architecture—such as igloos and adobe structures—there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.



题目： Which of the following correctly characterizes the relationship between the human body and architecture that is described in paragraph5?



○Complex equipment inside buildings is the one element in modern architecture that resembles a component of the human body.

○The components in early buildings were similar to three particular elements of the human body.

○Modern buildings have components that are as likely to change as the human body is.

○In general, modern buildings more closely resemble the human body than earlier buildings do.



分析：

B-----原文说的是Modern architectural，不是early, 错

C-----原文没提到change，错

D-----原文前面说modern的像，最后一句说early不太像，所以此选项正确

请问，A错在哪里？

mingming29710

材料来源：TPO3

对应段落：The vast grasslands of the High Plains in the central United States were settled by farmers and ranchers in the 1880’s. This region has a semiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported a low-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming. In the early twentieth century, however, it was discovered that much of the High Plains was underlain by a huge aquifer (a rock layer containing large quantities of groundwater). This aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians, who once inhabited the region.



题目：According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements about the High Plains is true?

○Until farmers and ranchers settled there in the 1880’s, the High Plains had never been inhabited.

○The climate of the High Plains is characterized by higher-than-average temperatures.

○The large aquifer that lies underneath the High Plains was discovered by the Ogallala Sioux Indians.

○Before the early 1900’s there was only a small amount of farming and ranching in the High Plains.

分析：

A．原文没有相关信息

B．原文是半干旱，不是higher-than-average temperatures.

C．原文说的是他inhabited the region，没说他discover HP

D．原文说的是a low-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming

答案选D，可是我认为原文指的是这种农业的类型是粗放型的，但是选项的意思是这样的农业很少，为什么D对？

mingming29710

材料来源：TPO3

对应段落：The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies. Many have been attempting to conserve water by irrigating less frequently or by switching to crops that require less water. Other, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton. The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entire region’s water supplies.



题目：which of the following as a source of difficulty for some farmers who try to conserve water?

○Crops that do not need much water are difficult to grow in the High Plains.

○Farmers who grow crops that need a lot of water make higher profits.

○Irrigating less frequently often leads to crop failure.

○Few farmers are convinced that the aquifer will eventually run dry.



分析：

对应文中绿色部分那句，我觉得4个选项都不对。。。。

答案是B

但是我认为原文的意思是这些人虽然有保护水资源的意识，但觉悟还不够高，看到别人用水利润增加，自己就动摇了，偏向于主观因素，但是选项的意思这些人需要水，偏向于一种客观的需要，所以不一样，请指正一下我的思路，谢谢！

mingming29710

材料来源：TPO4

对应段落：The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the North American frontier, Lewis and Clark had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s. Found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."



题目：The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points?

○The number of deer within the Puget sound region has varied over time.

○ Most of the explorers who came to the Puget sound area were primarily interested than in the West.

○There was more game for hunting in the East of the United States than in the West.

○Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading companies.



分析：

我觉得4个都不对。。。因为前面说deer数量变化大，然后谈到Lewis and Clark如何捕杀deer，使deer数量急剧减少，所以我觉得提到这个事情的目的应该是解释为什么deer的数量变化如此大，而不是仅仅阐述有数量变化这个现象

答案选A，为什么？

反衬

材料来源：TPO3

对应段落： Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. Of course in early architecture—such as igloos and adobe structures—there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.



题目： Which of the following correctly characterizes the relationship between the human body and architecture that is described in paragraph5?



○Complex equipment inside buildings is the one element in modern architecture that resembles a component of the human body.

○The components in early buildings were similar to three particular elements of the human body.

○Modern buildings have components that are as likely to change as the human body is.

○In general, modern buildings more closely resemble the human body than earlier buildings do.



分析：

B-----原文说的是Modern architectural，不是early, 错

C-----原文没提到change，错

D-----原文前面说modern的像，最后一句说early不太像，所以此选项正确

请问，A错在哪里？

-- by 会员 mingming29710 (2010/9/10 16:24:18)

关键是题干。题干中提问的对象是“the relationship between the human body and architecture ”，architecture本身并没有特指morden还是early，所以应该包含两者。
A只讲了modern,而没有涵盖early。

反衬

材料来源：TPO3

对应段落：The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies. Many have been attempting to conserve water by irrigating less frequently or by switching to crops that require less water. Other, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton. The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entire region’s water supplies.



题目：which of the following as a source of difficulty for some farmers who try to conserve water?

○Crops that do not need much water are difficult to grow in the High Plains.

○Farmers who grow crops that need a lot of water make higher profits.

○Irrigating less frequently often leads to crop failure.

○Few farmers are convinced that the aquifer will eventually run dry.



分析：

对应文中绿色部分那句，我觉得4个选项都不对。。。。

答案是B

但是我认为原文的意思是这些人虽然有保护水资源的意识，但觉悟还不够高，看到别人用水利润增加，自己就动摇了，偏向于主观因素，但是选项的意思这些人需要水，偏向于一种客观的需要，所以不一样，请指正一下我的思路，谢谢！

-- by 会员 mingming29710 (2010/9/10 16:25:38)

原文定位处有两种人。farmers who wish to conserve waterVS their neighbors  。

题目问你前一种人为啥有困难。 原文的话是说 incentive.of 前一种人reduced by their knowledge of 后一种人。所以答案就是后一种人的做法咯那就是对应B了。

反衬

材料来源：TPO3

对应段落：The vast grasslands of the High Plains in the central United States were settled by farmers and ranchers in the 1880’s. This region has a semiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported a low-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming. In the early twentieth century, however, it was discovered that much of the High Plains was underlain by a huge aquifer (a rock layer containing large quantities of groundwater). This aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians, who once inhabited the region.



题目：According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements about the High Plains is true?

○Until farmers and ranchers settled there in the 1880’s, the High Plains had never been inhabited.

○The climate of the High Plains is characterized by higher-than-average temperatures.

○The large aquifer that lies underneath the High Plains was discovered by the Ogallala Sioux Indians.

○Before the early 1900’s there was only a small amount of farming and ranching in the High Plains.

分析：

A．原文没有相关信息

B．原文是半干旱，不是higher-than-average temperatures.

C．原文说的是他inhabited the region，没说他discover HP

D．原文说的是a low-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming

答案选D，可是我认为原文指的是这种农业的类型是粗放型的，但是选项的意思是这样的农业很少，为什么D对？

-- by 会员 mingming29710 (2010/9/10 16:25:05)

原文的a low-intensity 不就是农业少的意思咯。

“粗放型”这个翻译不对吧。

反衬

材料来源：TPO4

对应段落：The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the North American frontier, Lewis and Clark had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s. Found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."



题目：The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points?

○The number of deer within the Puget sound region has varied over time.

○ Most of the explorers who came to the Puget sound area were primarily interested than in the West.

○There was more game for hunting in the East of the United States than in the West.

○Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading companies.



分析：

我觉得4个都不对。。。因为前面说deer数量变化大，然后谈到Lewis and Clark如何捕杀deer，使deer数量急剧减少，所以我觉得提到这个事情的目的应该是解释为什么deer的数量变化如此大，而不是仅仅阐述有数量变化这个现象

答案选A，为什么？

-- by 会员 mingming29710 (2010/9/10 16:26:17)

首句关键字，fluctuate，后面又出现了continued to fluctuate。所以本段关键字就它了。那剩下的例子都说fluctuate咯。答案A varied就等于fluctuated了。

“然后谈到Lewis and Clark如何捕杀deer，使deer数量急剧减少，” 文章并没有这样说。

文章说的是L and C一开始抓不到。后来抓到很少。

如果文章要解释“为什么”，一定会给出“为什么”的同义词或者替换表达。很可惜的是，文章没有这样做。


观察了这位同学提出的几个问题，我觉得同学可能有一点要注意： 不要用自己的主观判断去取代原文的信息。少想“我觉得”，多问“文章本来是怎么讲的。”

mingming29710

材料来源：TPO4

对应段落：The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the North American frontier, Lewis and Clark had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s. Found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."



题目：The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points?

○The number of deer within the Puget sound region has varied over time.

○ Most of the explorers who came to the Puget sound area were primarily interested than in the West.

○There was more game for hunting in the East of the United States than in the West.

○Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading companies.



分析：

我觉得4个都不对。。。因为前面说deer数量变化大，然后谈到Lewis and Clark如何捕杀deer，使deer数量急剧减少，所以我觉得提到这个事情的目的应该是解释为什么deer的数量变化如此大，而不是仅仅阐述有数量变化这个现象

答案选A，为什么？

-- by 会员 mingming29710 (2010/9/10 16:26:17)

首句关键字，fluctuate，后面又出现了continued to fluctuate。所以本段关键字就它了。那剩下的例子都说fluctuate咯。答案A varied就等于fluctuated了。

“然后谈到Lewis and Clark如何捕杀deer，使deer数量急剧减少，” 文章并没有这样说。

文章说的是L and C一开始抓不到。后来抓到很少。

如果文章要解释“为什么”，一定会给出“为什么”的同义词或者替换表达。很可惜的是，文章没有这样做。


观察了这位同学提出的几个问题，我觉得同学可能有一点要注意： 不要用自己的主观判断去取代原文的信息。少想“我觉得”，多问“文章本来是怎么讲的。”

-- by 会员 反衬 (2010/9/14 16:46:55)

好的，谢谢老师！