问：which includes和including

ysl246

which includes和including各自是在什么情况下用的阿？我以前以为只能用including，但是有些题说这种用法dangling....指教！！

In attempting to solve the problems caused by a lowering of the price of oil, oil companies operating in the North Sea have taken a variety of approaches, which includes their reducing employment, using new technology to pump oil more efficiently from smaller fields, and finding innovative way to cut the cost of building and operating platforms.

1. which includes their reducing employment, using new technology to pump oil more efficiently

2. which includes reducing employment, using new technology to be more efficient in pumping oil

3. which include reducing employment, using new technology to pump oil more efficiently

4. which include the reduction of employment, their using new technology to pump oil more efficient

5. including a reduction of employment, their use of new technology to be more efficient at pumping oil

比如这道题，答案是C。如果不考虑平行的因素，including可以么？

[此贴子已经被作者于2007-7-10 19:46:15编辑过]

ysl246

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ysl246

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stevegt

dangling不dangling要看逻辑主语了，逻辑主语不对的话才dangling.

贴道题目出来吧，这样不好讲

ysl246

upup

ysl246

upup

天蝎座1107

以下是引用ysl246在2007-7-6 14:45:00的发言：
which includes和including各自是在什么情况下用的阿？我以前以为只能用including，但是有些题说这种用法dangling....指教！其实which include和including这两个都可以用的，GMAT并没有偏好谁。但是including就是介词了不是动名词。这个longman上面有解释的include不用progressive形式http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?BoardID=23&replyID=3016867&id=335594&skin=0

In attempting to solve the problems caused by a lowering of the price of oil, oil companies operating in the North Sea have taken a variety of approaches, which includes their reducing employment, using new technology to pump oil more efficiently from smaller fields, and finding innovative way to cut the cost of building and operating platforms.

1. which includes their reducing employment, using new technology to pump oil more efficiently这里includes有问题应该是include

2. which includes reducing employment, using new technology to be more efficient in pumping oil同A

3. which include reducing employment, using new technology to pump oil more efficiently正确!如果改成including reducing employment, using new technology to pump oil more efficiently, and finding innovative way to cut the cost of building and operating platforms.也是对的

4. which include the reduction of employment, their using new technology to pump oil more efficient和后面的finding不平行

5. including a reduction of employment, their use of new technology to be more efficient at pumping 同D

比如这道题，答案是C。如果不考虑平行的因素，including可以么？including当然可以了!请看：A study by the Ocean Wildlife Campaign urged states to undertake a number of remedies to reverse a decline in the shark population, including establishing size limits for shark catches, closing state waters for shark fishing during pupping season, and requiring commercial fishers to have federal shark permits.如果把including换成which include也是没有问题的。GMAT考这样的题很多其实都是一个思路的。再看大全207                  Charlotte Perkins Gilman, a late nineteenth-century feminist, called for urban apartment houses including child-care facilities and clustered suburban houses including communal eating and social facilities.
                

(A) including child-care facilities and clustered suburban houses including communal eating and social facilities

(B) that included child-care facilities, and for clustered suburban houses to include communal eating and social facilities

(C) with child-care facilities included and for clustered suburban houses to include communal eating and social facilities

(D) that included child-care facilities and for clustered suburban houses with communal eating and social facilities（D）

(E) to include child-care facilities and for clustered suburban houses with communal eating and social facilities included

(A) including child-care facilities and clustered suburban houses including communal eating and social facilities

(B) that included child-care facilities, and for clustered suburban houses to include communal eating and social facilities

(C) with child-care facilities included and for clustered suburban houses to include communal eating and social facilities

(D) that included child-care facilities and for clustered suburban houses with communal eating and social facilities（D）

(E) to include child-care facilities and for clustered suburban houses with communal eating and social facilities included

小贝

which include reducing employment, using new technology to pump oil more efficiently正确!如果改成including reducing employment, using new technology to pump oil more efficiently, and finding innovative way to cut the cost of building and operating platforms.也是对的

我觉得改了还是有问题的。这样就把including和using and finding并列了。。。

open to discuss..

天蝎座1107

以下是引用小贝在2009-3-5 20:15:00的发言：

which include reducing employment, using new technology to pump oil more efficiently正确!如果改成including reducing employment, using new technology to pump oil more efficiently, and finding innovative way to cut the cost of building and operating platforms.也是对的

我觉得改了还是有问题的。这样就把including和using and finding并列了。。。

open to discuss..

不会的，因为including只能做介词。还是reducing, using and finding并列.

小贝

hmmm~~~

因为include本身也是一个动词，它也能拥有一个ing分词形式。

看着这个结构觉得别扭，可能我转不过弯来。