|
The loan company announced it would soon lend money to borrowers with proven records of their not paying back their loans on time, collectively known as the subprime lending market.
A.Of their not paying back their loans on time, modifier error
B.Of not paying back their loans on time, a group
C.Of not paying back their loans on time, with such a group
D.That they do not pay back their loans on time, modifier error
E.That they do not pay back their loans on time, such a group OA 中的a group： "a group..." is a MODIFIER that gives a DEFINITION of "the subprime lending market” Ron之前说的： 如果同位语是一个具体的东西，那么它必须要修饰在他之前的名词，就像前两句。 如果同位语是一个抽象的东西，那么它可以修饰前面整个句子，就像后两句。 Q：noun modifier不该modify immediately preceding noun? As group is a concrete noun Ron： It's best to drop the concrete noun/abstract noun difference, and just realize that this kind of modifier can describe both kinds of things"”a noun, or a larger construction behind the comma.
In fact, this modifier can often have both functions even with the same noun heading it.
E.g.,
Many professional statisticians use least squares, a method commonly taught in high-school statistics courses.
Here, "least squares" is a statistical method.
Biologists often estimate wildlife populations by tagging animals, releasing them, and then tracking the fraction of subsequently observed animals that are tagged"”a method that has not been substantively changed by advances in technology.
Here, "a method" describes the entire lengthy description of biologists' methodology that precedes it. (The dash serves the same purpose as the comma in the first example; it's only here for added clarity, since the sentence already contains so many commas that another one could be confusing.)
I first wrote that whole bit about concrete and abstract nouns as a response to someone's question about this kind of modifier. It was a completely spontaneous analysis; I'd never thought explicitly about how this modifier works before that (though I was familiar with it).
Like other on-the-spot explanations, that one was unnecessarily limiting.
Choice E — such a group as long as you mention some specific "X" earlier in the sentence, then "such an X" is fine, yes.
another example:
i have no problem with using a standard geometry textbook; indeed, such a book is helpful in providing ready-made sets of practice problems.
--> "such a book" is legitimate because the sentence has mentioned a particular book (namely, a standard geometry textbook). ——— "such an X" only makes sense when the concept of "X" could theoretically encompass many possibilities, of which "such an X" is only one.
i.e., if you have already given the exact, unique definition of X, then "such an X" makes no sense.
e.g.
i have no problem with using a standard geometry textbook; indeed, such a book is helpful in providing ready-made sets of practice problems.
CORRECT
--> this makes sense, because there isn't just one standard geometry textbook. so, there are many items fitting that description; "such a book" stands for any one such item.
but...
fewer churches than ever before are using readings from the King James Bible, because the archaic language in such a book is difficult for many parishioners to understand.
INCORRECT
--> The King James Bible is a unique book; it does not represent a broader class of possibilities from which we might choose one to use as an example. so, this doesn't make sense.
in contexts like this one, you could use something like "this/that book" -- or you could use an appropriate modifier, as in the correct answer to the problem in this thread. —— "such a group" is incorrect there anyway.
"such a/an X" means that you've given just one example of some more general group or category.
in other words, "such a/an X" is used only when "X" is one of many possible examples of something.
e.g., let's say you're reading an MBA admissions blog.
Meet Michelle. She has xxxxx work experience, yyyy GMAT scores, and zzzzz other things on her application. Today we'll talk about the schools to which such a person should reasonably apply.
the point here ^^ is that the discussion doesn't just apply to michelle; it also applies to anyone else who's like her in the ways described. she is just one example, of many.
that is decidedly NOT what's happening in this sentence. this isn't just one group out of many groups satisfying a certain description; this is one group that has a certain name. so, "such a group" is WRONG here.
there's no sense in even trying to define what it modifies, because ... it's wrong.
Choice A, D modifier error — usage of verbED modifier The loan company announced it would soon lend money to borrowers with proven records of their not paying back their loans on time, collectively known as the subprime lending market. D. that they do not pay back their loans on time, egmat: Verb-ed modifiers can only modify preceding noun. 【Verb-ed Modifiers cannot jump over verbs】https://e-gmat.com/blogs/verb-ed-modifiers-cannot-jump-over-verbs/amp/ verb-ed modifier by Ron: 1. Verb-ed modifier 一般都可以被verb-ing modifier所替换 exception： , "comma + __ed", following a sentence, can also refer ONLY to the noun that precedes it (in much the same manner as "___, which...").
see #35 in OG 13th/2015 edition ("jacqueline cochran").
this usage, unlike the usages discussed above, IS NOT allowed if "__ed" is replaced by "__ing". 2. I gather that Comma+Verb-ed modifier modifies the immediate preceding noun/noun phrase? this is the way i've normally seen it used.
Summary:
· verb-ed modifier + comma 在前 when a verb-ed modifier begins a sentence, it ALWAYS modifies the Subject of the clause. 例：OG12#25: Based on accounts of various ancient writers, scholars have painted a sketchy picture of the activities of an all-female cult that, perhaps as early as the sixth century B.C., worshipped a goddess known in Latin as Bona Dea, “the good goddess.” Using accounts of various ancient writers OE is incorrect here because “Based”, the opening verb-ed modifier must refer to the Subject of the following main clause. The Subject of the main clause is “scholars”. It is evident that “based” does not logically modifies the Subject. 在后 A verb-ed modifier always refers to the preceding noun entity. This noun entity can be a single noun word or a noun phrase. · verb-ed modifier + without comma A verb-ed modifier always refers to the preceding noun entity. This noun entity can be a single noun word or a noun phrase. In GMAT, a comma + verb-ed modifier placed after a clause cannot refer to the subject of the preceding clause. | 
京公网安备11010202008513号 京ICP证101109号 京ICP备12012021号
发表于 2022-10-3 19:42:57
