听力Letcture的常见出题点

山衔落日

托福考试中，中国学生平均分最低的一项，在很多年里其实并不是口语，而是听力。而听力部分中，模拟课堂上课内容的 Letcture 则是大家得分的难点。大家不仅要背诵大量的听力词汇，还要熟悉很多学科题材，比如天文，生态，艺术等等。而这些还只是准备Letcture的基础。要进入到实战阶段，就需要对听力内容有一个预判，尤其是可能出现考点的地方，提前做好准备。

下面就来分享几个常见的Lecture的出题点，希望能对大家有所帮助。

开头与结尾

Letcture的开头，常常会有两个考点的情况。一个是开头部分引出的主旨，这个考点的考试频率非常高，大约一半多的Letcture都会考到。

在TPO23中，环境科学那一篇，老师一上来就说：

Basically, a cloud either contributes to the cooling of Earth's surface or to its heating.

然后提到了地球气候系统与云的关系

Earth climate system is constantly trying to strike a balance between the cooling and warming effects of clouds. It's very close, but overall the cumulative effects of cloud is to cool Earth rather than heat it.

后面的内容也是围绕着这一主题展开。其实我们在听教授的第一句话时，就需要引起注意。教授有时会讲一下之前的课程里，学习了什么内容，然后今天继续学习后续的内容。有时，会直接切入主题，开篇就是本次讨论的主题。

我们可以在他开头没有提及“早先的学习内容”，和第二句话开始继续这一话题来提醒自己，这篇文章开头即讨论主题的可能性比较大。

果然，这篇听力题目的第一题就是：

What is the lecture mainly about?

A.Ways of identifying different types of clouds.

B.Recent research findings about the causes of global warming.

C.The impact of clouds on global temperatures.

D.The impact of human activity on cloud formation.

我们从听力材料的前两句就能判断，答案选C

文章的结尾，也经常会出现考点。出题信号往往是总结性的内容；对某个观点的认同或否定。

还是文章。在听力内容后期，开始讨论南极海洋的微生物，对云层产生了什么样的影响。

Well, the current hypothesis is that these microorganisms produce a chemical, dimetho-sulfide that interacts with the oxygen in the air, creating conditions that lead to the formation of the low thick clouds we observed.

在这大段的讲述过后，出现了表示肯定的一句话

Well, that's true.

然后进一步指出它意义重大

It could have huge implications.

当我们听到这样强调对一个观点的肯定，就要引起注意了，大概率会出题。

本篇听力的第五题考的就是这个内容

What does the professor say about microscopic plants in the ocean near Antarctica?

A.They have been raising the ocean's albedo.

B.Their population is increasing due to global warming.

C.They grow more rapidly when cloud cover is thin.

D.They produce a chemical that leads to cloud formation.

选D

对比与转折

在听力内容中，老师常常会讲两个事物进行对比，这是大概率会出现考点。

在TPO16的钢琴诞生那一篇中，老师谈到了依靠敲击琴弦发音的钢琴，和依靠拨弦发音的大键琴的不同。然后进一步解释了钢琴为什么开始流行

Well, the percussive effect of those little hammers means that the pianist, unlike the harpsichordist, can control the dynamics of the sound - how softly or loudly each note is struck, hence the name, pianoforte, soft and loud. Now artistically for both composers and performers this was a major turning point. This brand new instrument, capable of producing loud and soft tones, greatly expanded the possibilities for conveying emotion. This capacity for increased expressiveness, in fact, was essential to the Romantic style that dominated 19th century music.

这段文字，从两者的发音原理，声音效果，作品的情感传达，甚至相应的乐曲风格表现上，都在进行对比。这种对比突出了钢琴的优点，说明了它受欢迎的原因

这套题的第四题的考点就出自上面这段内容：

According to the professor, why did the piano become more popular than the harpsichord?

A.Piano music was easier to compose than harpsichord music.

B.Piano music was better for accompanying the popular new dances of the 1700s.

C.The piano had a more attractive size and shape than the harpsichord.

D.The piano could express a wider range of emotions than the harpsichord.

我们可以发现，钢琴能传达更丰富的情感，是原文提到的内容，所以选D。

当听力内容中，对讨论的话题，或关键要素，出现了转折，这时大概率会有考题。

在TPO22的人类学一篇中，老师讲了一个观点，城邦的形成是由于人口增长，并举例加以说明。

The environmental approach hypothesizes that states appear in certain environmental settings, settings which have a severe population problem or a shortage of agricultural land.

等听力内容播放了大半后，出现了转折

But not everyone agrees with the theory. It definitely has some weaknesses.

并在最后承认人口增长不是城邦形成的唯一原因

Well, there were some early states that formed where there wasn't any sudden population increase. So it seems that these are valid criticisms of the environmental approach

当我们听到老师说 But 开头 的句子后，就需要提高注意力，然后听下去发现老师将了一个之前理论的反面观点，还举例说明，并最后确认了反面观点存在的正当性，那么就要注意就大概率会有考题。果然，此题的第六题就出自这里

What is the professor's opinion about the environmental approach?

A.It will remain popular for a long time.

B.It does not help explain how early states formed.

C.Some evidence supports it, but other evidence contradicts it.

D.It should be applied when analyzing hierarchies

根据老师展开的内容，选C

后面的内容也是围绕着这一主题展开。

其实我们在听教授的第一句话时，就需要引起注意。教授有时会讲一下之前的课程里，学习了什么内容，然后今天继续学习后续的内容。有时，会直接切入主题，开篇就是本次讨论的主题。

我们可以在他开头没有提及“早先的学习内容”，和第二句话开始继续这一话题来提醒自己，这篇文章开头即讨论主题的可能性比较大。

果然，这篇听力题目的第一题就是：

What is the lecture mainly about?

A.Ways of identifying different types of clouds.

B.Recent research findings about the causes of global warming.

C.The impact of clouds on global temperatures.

D.The impact of human activity on cloud formation.

我们从听力材料的前两句就能判断，答案选C

文章的结尾，也经常会出现考点。出题信号往往是总结性的内容；对某个观点的认同或否定。

TPO23 的生态篇里，在听力内容后期，老师开始讨论南极海洋的微生物，对云层产生了什么样的影响。

Well, the current hypothesis is that these microorganisms produce a chemical, dimetho-sulfide that interacts with the oxygen in the air, creating conditions that lead to the formation of the low thick clouds we observed.

在这大段的讲述过后，出现了表示肯定的一句话

Well, that's true.

然后进一步指出它意义重大

It could have huge implications.

当我们听到这样强调对一个观点的肯定，就要引起注意了，大概率会出题。

本篇听力的第五题考的就是这个内容

What does the professor say about microscopic plants in the ocean near Antarctica?

A.They have been raising the ocean's albedo.

B.Their population is increasing due to global warming.

C.They grow more rapidly when cloud cover is thin.

D.They produce a chemical that leads to cloud formation.

选D

问与答

问答是 Letcture 的一个特色内容。这些问答可以分三种类型，学生问老师回答，以及老师提问学生来回答，学生问老师回答，以及老师自问自答。

来看看老师提问，学生解答。

TPO 22 的天文学里，出现了一处老师提问。老师先是说了温度较高，使得水可以用液态形式存在，然后问什么气体会导致温室效应

And so it would have been warm enough on these planets for the liquid water to exist. So what gas do you think was the first suspect in causing the greenhouse effect?

然后学生尝试作答，说可能是二氧化碳的关系：

Um, carbon dioxide I guess, like today?

接下来老师继续话题，说到了二氧化碳，也说到了氨气

In fact, studies indicate that four billion years ago, carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere were much higher than today's levels. But the studies also indicate that they weren't high enough to do the job - make up for a faint Sun. Then some astronomers came up with the idea that atmospheric ammonia may have acted as a greenhouse gas. But ammonia would have been destroyed by the ultra-violet light coming from the Sun and it had to be ruled out too.

在这篇听力文章中，比较难的第三题，就是出自这里，这是一道双选题

Why did the greenhouse-gas solution fail to explain the early presence of liquid water on Earth and Mars?

A. The types of gases that were present in their atmospheres could not have caused temperatures to rise.

B. There was insufficient carbon dioxide in their atmospheres to produce a greenhouse effect.

C. Solar radiation would have destroyed the ammonia in their atmospheres.

D. Clouds of ammonia would have lowered temperatures by blocking out sunlight.

根据教授后面的讨论，可以知道，选 BC。

来看学生提问，老师解答。TPO 21 的计算机篇中，就有一个典型例子

Student: Ok, and what about Project Unity? How was it different?

Professor: Um... this was different because two teams worked closely together during the defect meetings, instead of put up walls.

学生提问 Unity项目中成员的不同是什么 ，然后老师回答 两个 team 并不是互相敌视的，而是紧密合作的。我们听到的提示信号非常明显，就是师生的问答。这种内容大概率会被考到。

本篇的第四题就考了这个内容

What factor made work on Project Unity efficient?

A.No unplanned changes were made during defect meetings.

B.The teams focused on fixing only major problems.

C.The software developers were not defensive about problems detected by the testers.

D.Some of the software testers had previous experience as software developers.

根据学生与老师的一问一答，我们可以知道，应该选C。

最后来看老师自问自答，TPO21的毒蛇演化一篇中，老师先是给了一大段内容在说明根据目前蛇的毒性来划分的这种理论。

Ok, venomous snakes are the ones that secrete poisonous substances or venom, like the snakes of the viper family or cobras, then there is non-venomous snakes like constrictors and pythons.Colubrids, and you probably learned this too, although they are often classified as venomous snakes, they are actually generally non-venomous.They are classified as venomous snakes because they resemble them, their advanced features more than the other non-venomous snakes.

然后老师问了假如这种理论是错的呢？

Now, what if I told you that there is a good chance that most everything I just said is wrong?

接下来并没有学生来回答疑问，老师从刚才的问题开始，提出了另一种理论。听到这里，我们同样应该提高注意力，这是一个自问自答的环节，在内容上，老师的设问是起到了推进话题讨论的作用。这里可能会出题。果然，本篇的第二题就是考了这个内容：

Why does the professor review information about the classification of snakes that students probably learned in previous courses?

A.To determine whether the students have enrolled in the appropriate course.

B.To stress the usefulness of the classification system for students.

C.To present assumptions that have recently been challenged.

D.To give an example of a method that she will explain in greater detail.

教授的设问推进了话题，选C

小结

可以看出，这几类出题点，大都属于内容层次出题点。要在听力内容中对这些考点能及时发现，和对内容做好吸收理解，是需要一定基础的。比如一定的听力词汇量，良好的辩音能力，常考学科的背景知识。下一篇分享，我们可以从结构层面，来尝试掌握Lecture的层次划分与考点分布。