as be the case with和as with

RoxieHeart

比较中的隔得很远的SUCH .....AS
                                    SO AS TO.....(≠SO THAT)
                                   SO.... IN  AS  IN....
Margaret Mead, the best known anthropologist of the 20th century, helped shape public opinion on fundamentally important areas like attitudes toward children and family, along with the relative merits of competition and cooperation.


A. shape public opinion in such fundamentally important areas like attitudes toward children and families, along with
B. shape public opinion in such fundamentally important areas as attitudes toward children and families and
c. to shape public opinion about such fundamentally important areas like attitudes toward children and families, also about
d. the shaping of public opinion for fundamentally important areas such as attitudes toward children and families, and those toward
e. the shaping of public opinion around fundamentally important areas like attitudes toward children and families, and those of


OA is B    SUCH... AS...表示列举  P.S. help 用法:be helpful in; help (sb)(to)do
                                              √     SUCH AS   √正确 用法: such as + n1, n2, and n3 /doing/what从句/介词短语
                                              ×     SUCH AS  ×错误 用法: such as +there, these, they,/to do/when从句/句子.  
                                                                                    还有 n1, n2, and n3, such as these




Often major economic shifts are so gradual as to be indistinguishable at first from ordinary fluctuations in the financial markets.
a. same
b. so gradual so that they can be indistinguishable
c. so gradual that they are unable to be distinguished
d. gradual enough not to be distinguishable
e. gradual enough so that one cannot distinguish them


OA is A   SO AS TO 如此以至于  V.S. SO THAT
                be indistinguishable V.S. be unable to be distinguished

RON: the use of "unable" to describe something that's not actually an inability of the subject.

eg: This plant is unable to perform photosynthesis.
legitimate, because this actually describes aninability of the plant itself.
they (= major economic shifts) are unable to be distinguished...
i don't like this, because we're not actually talking about an "inability" possessed by the economic shifts themselves.
if we'd said something like "economic shifts are unable to destroy your equity", then i'd find that more appealing.




Experts estimate that ten times as much petroleum exists in sources like tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even in shale than in conventional reservoirs.
A. sources like tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even in shale than
B. sources like tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even in shale than are
C. such sources as tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even in shale as are
D. such sources as tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even shale asE. such sources as tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even shale than




OA is D    SUCH... AS...表列举嵌套AS MUCH AS. 表比较  
              P.S. 用法 X TIMES AS MUCH +(subj+verb)+prep. phrase+ SUCH N AS +(subj+verb)+prep. phrase

RoxieHeart

(subj)NOT ONLY ..A...BUT ALSO.. B..(AB同向) 和 ...A...BUT(subj) ALSO.. B...的(AB反向)区别
Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland (especially in the Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it also caused erosion and very quickly deforested whole regions.

A.        Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland (especially in the Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it also
B.        Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland (especially in the Northeast), which gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but also
C.        The systematic clearing of forests in the United States, creating farmland (especially in the Northeast) and giving consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but also
D.        The systematic clearing of forests in the United States created farmland (especially in the Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it also
E.        The systematic clearing of forests in the United States not only created farmland (especially in the Northeast), giving consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it

OA is D
RON: rhetorically, the "not only ... but also" construction is used for 2 parallel items that REINFORCE each other.

example:
weight training not only increases muscle mass and strength but also boosts bone density. --> notice that the two effects mentioned are both positive effects.

in this sentence, the 2 effects are CONTRASTING: the first half (farmland/houses/furniture) is positive, but the second half (erosion/deforestation) is negative.
thus, "not only ... but also" is inappropriate; just use traditional "but (also)", by itself, instead. that's exactly what choice (d) doesit's really no different from any other "but" construction that uses 2 subjects.
e.g:
john went to the party, but jim stayed home.
this is the same sort of thing; the only difference is that both of the 2 subjects refer to the same person/thing, so you use a pronoun for the second one.

NOT ONLY.. BUT ALSO..的变体和平行

Construction:一。Subject not only do but (also) do  不倒桩可省略also                          二。Not only A but alsoB do                                        三。 Not only do A but B also do etc. 倒桩含有主语+v，but also分开                                 【 Remark: If the part following"NOT ONLY" has both a SUBJECT.                                    and a VERB, both a SUBJECT and a VERB after“but (also)” are.                                    required because a clause (S＋V) must be parallel to a clause.                                    (S＋V).       Moreover, the following construction is considered correct on the GMAT:          Not only + VERB + SUBJECT, SUBJECT + also + VERB.

Both of these are correct:
[size=14.0084px]Not only does this drug enhance alertness, but it also suppresses appetite.
[size=14.0084px]This drug [size=14.0084px]not only enhances alertness but also suppresses appetite.
BECAUSE 倒桩后 NOT ONLY后多了一个主语需要平行,例证:
As criminal activity on the Internet becomes more and more sophisticated, not only are thieves able to divert cash from company bank accounts, they can also pilfer valuable information such as business development strategies, new product specifications, and contract bidding plans, and sell the data to competitors.

A. they can also pilfer valuable information such as business development strategies, new product specifications, and contract bidding plans, and sell
B. they can also pilfer valuable information that includes business development strategies, new product specifications, and contract bidding plans, and selling
C. also pilfering valuable information including business development strategies, new product specifications, and contract bidding plans, selling
D. but also pilfer valuable information such as business development strategies, new product specifications, and contract bidding plans to sell
E. but also pilfering valuable information such as business development strategies, new product specifications, and contract bidding plans and selling

OA is A
RON:not only are thieves able to xxxx ...
that's a whole clause/sentence, with a subject AND a verb. (the subject and "are" are in inverted order)
...so, to maintain basic parallelism, "but" has to be followed by a subject AND a verb.


parallelism is the most fundamental error in all of GMAT SC! don't look at ANY other type of error until you've considered basic parallelism!
省略also例证

By pressing a tiny amount of nitrogen between two diamonds to a pressure of 25 million pounds per square inch, scientists not only were able to transform the gas into a solid, but they also createda semiconductor similar to silicon.

(A) not only were able to transform the gas into a solid, but they also created

(B) not only were able to transform the gas into a solid but also creating

(C) were able not only to transform the gas into a solid but to create

(D) were able not only to transform the gas into a solid but also creating

(E) were not only able to transform the gas into a solid, but they were also able to create

OA IS C

• NOT ..BUT...
[size=14.0084px]·"not X butY": (not. ..but rather/instead 结构相同意义不同由于adv不同)
this construction implies that X is what's "normal" or "expected", and that Y is what's actually true.
e.g.,
I was surprised to learn that Ella was not Clint's biological daughter but in fact his adopted daughter, since her facial features so closely resemble his.
(here, since the girl looks so much like her dad, we EXPECT to find out that she's his biological daughter.)

• "X but Y":
this just implies a contrast, but NOT any expectation.
(in THIS PARTICULAR sentence——the "X" part includes the word "not".)
e.g.,
I am not a mechanic, but can perform basic maintenance on non-hybrid cars.

[size=14.0084px]




clearly, (a) creating farmland and (b) giving consumers cheap houses and furniture are two different, independent effects.
(b) doesn't describe (a), and isn't intimately related to (a) in any way, so the use of a modifier here is illogical.
note that, in the correct answer, these two effects are placed in parallel with "and" -- an interpretation that makes much more sense.


'having amassed' describes the situation AT PRESENT—after the 'amassing' has occurred.
if the modifier were 'amassing', then your observation would be pertinent... but it isn't.

RoxieHeart

插入语，IF+pp.修饰主句
A scrub jay can remember when it cached a particular piece of food in a particular place, researchers have discovered, and tend not to bother to recover a perishable treat if stored long enough to have rotted.

A.        tend not to bother to recover a perishable treat if
B.        they tend not to bother recovering a perishable treat
C.        tending not to bother recovering a perishable treat if
D.        tends not to bother recovering a perishable treat
E.        tends not bothering to recover a perishable treat if

OA: D  researchers...插入语，a scrub jay是单数
IF+participle 修饰 SUBJECT of the sentence (not the proximate noun)
[size=14.007px]for instance:
Animal 1 will attack animal 2 if injected with enough of the hormones related to aggression.
--> [size=14.007px]in this sentence it is animal 1, not animal 2, that is being injected with hormones.



，IF+pp.修饰主句

修饰主句主语的Subordinating CONJ. 和 TO+consequence
RON: If you have a modifier of the form (subordinating conjunction) + (participle), then, no matter where that modifier is placed, it should describe the subject of the clause to which it is attached.
for instance, all of the following sentences have the same meaning:
although exhausted from a long day of work, james still played football with his son.
james, although exhausted from a long day of work, still played football with his son.
james still played football with his son, although exhausted from a long day of work.
in all of these examples, the modifier is talking about james, not james's son. (the wording of the last one is a little bit wonky, but wonky wordings are not tested on this exam.)

If you have subject + action + to __consequence__, in which ____ is a consequence, then the ____ still has the same agent as the previous action"”i.e., the subject of the sentence.

E.g.,
I dug a hole in the ground to store valuables.
--> This sentence implies that I, personally, want to store valuables in the hole. If I am digging the hole so that someone else can bury things, I need to re-structure the sentence.

RoxieHeart

RoxieHeart 发表于 2017-12-11 15:48
插入语，IF修饰
A scrub jay can remember when it cached a particular piece of food in a particular pl ...

这里我有个问题，although+pp这种结构不是不允许吗？不是要跟完整句子吗，同理if？？

RoxieHeart

Shoppers in sporting goods stores, unlike in department stores, do very little impulse shopping, not buying a pair of skis and a boomerang when they come in for a basketball, but they leave with a basketball only.
A. in department stores, do very little impulse shopping, not buying a pair of skis and a boomerang when they come in for a basketball, but they leave with a basketball only
B. in department stores, shop impulsively very little; someone who comes in for a basketball will leave with a basketball only and not also buy a pair of skis and a boomerang as well
C. those in department stores, do very little impulse shopping, do not buy a pair of skis and a boomerang when they come in for a basketball, but leave with only a basketball
D. those in department stores, do very little impulse shopping; someone who comes in for a basketball will leave with a basketball only and not buy a pair of skis and a boomerang as well
E. department stores, shop impulsively very little; someone will not buy a pair of skis and a boomerang when they come in for a basketball but will leave with only a basketball



OA is D


1) there's NO such construction as "A, B, but C". i.e., "but" can't link three things in the way that "and" or "or" could.

2) it makes no sense to put all 3 of these things in parallel, because they don't belong in parallel; the last two are an explanation of the first one. i.e., the last two things are an explanation of the idea that these shoppers "do very little impulse shopping".

RoxieHeart

比较与省略
THAT/IT=同一个指代，指代所有一起的n和n modifier
THOSE/THEY=同类指代，只指代核心词后面常跟modifier表示不同；都要有明确的preceding NOUN 不可以是PREP phrase里的

• 单复数不同的时候要补名词，不可用THOSE无指代
• THAT OF/THOSE OF不可省略
• THAN后有时间/地点状语(时态不同)， 要补主语+动词/助动词 (前面没有对应状语结构)
  

                                                               3.1如果是比较平行时间状语本身，则不用但要平行)(前面已有对应状语结构)       4.  THAN前有别的成分补(S+V+O),补动词/助动词/情态动词BE+MORE+ADJ.+…+THAN(补)   
                                                              4.1如果是比较平行S+V，助动词滞后
                                                             4.2如果是比较平行O，则than后句子先助动词
EG:
1.2.Her company did better last year than [the companies] of hercompetitors. 2..In addition to having more protein than wheat does, rice has protein of higher [quality] than [THAT] in wheat, with more of the amino acids essential to the human diet.
     ＝Rice has protein of higher quality than wheat does(4.1)
3..walk as fast now as when I was a child.(3.1)(前面已有对应状语结构)

    To develop more accurate population forecasts, demographers would have to know a great deal more than they do now about the social and economic determinants of fertility. (前面没有对应状语结构in the future)

     A large rise in the number of housing starts in the coming year should boost new construction dollars by several billion dollars, making the construction industry’s economic health much more robust than it was five years ago.

      Recent national study of the public schools shows that there is now one microcomputer for every thirty-two pupils, four times as many as there were four years ago.

4..Because the Earth’s crust is more solid there and thus better able to transmit shock waves, an earthquake

in the eastern United States will typically devastate an area 100 times greater than will(4.2)a quake of comparable magnitude occurring in the West.

      A newly developed jumbo rocket, which is expected to carry theUnited States into its next phase of space exploration, will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit than the space shuttle can(4.1) and at a lower cost.

    The pay of senior executives increased in 1990 by a larger percentage than did(4.2)the wages of other salaried workers.

     As a result of the continuing decline in the birth rate, fewer people will enter the labor force in the 1980’s than did(4.2)in the 1960’s and 1970’s, a twenty-year period during which people born after the war swelled the ranks of workers. (主语people相同且无定语成分则省之，但did不能省)

[size=1em][size=1em]Only seven people this century have been killed by the great white shark, the man-eater of the movies--less than those killed by bee stings.

a. movies--less than those
b. movies--fewer than have been
c. movies, which is less than those
d. movies, a number lower than the people
e. movies, fewer than the ones


OA is B


RON: B:have been 和 fewer than之间不是省略, 因为fewer than 后面跟的不是一个从句                                                         只是平行we have                                                                     只是平行，"have been killed by x" and "have been killed by y"
                                                         平行时态不必对应，fewer than后面可以是 ''were killed in a car accident.'
basically, if you can find properly parallel (and non-ambiguous) structures in a comparison, then the comparison is fine.

只要PARALLEL就是正确COMPARISON

         
             E: ONES 不可以指代PEOPLE
就算改成THOSE  "those killed by bee stings"(n+pp作形容词) -- note that we don't have "people killed by the great white shark" in the other part.
you can put "that OF" or "those OF" in parallel to anything that suggests a possessive structure.
另一个例子
To meet the rapidly rising market demand for fish and seafood, suppliers are growing fish twice as fast as their natural growth rate, cutting their feed allotment by nearly half and raising them on special diets

A) their natural growth rate, cutting their feed allotment
B) their natural growth rate, their feed allotment cut
C) growing them naturally, cutting their feed allotment
D) they grow naturally, cutting their feed allotment
E) they grow naturally, with their feed allotment cut


OA is D. you have a problem of redundancy:
a RATE can't be FAST.
* the rate can be high;
* the increase itself can be fast.
(RATE×fast, RATE√HIGH, INCREASE√FAST)
a height can't be tall (a person can be tall, or a height can be greater than...)
a bank account can't be rich (a person can be rich, or a bank account can contain a large amount of money)
etc.(HEIGHT×tall, HEIGHT√GREATER THAN, PERSON√TALL)
       (BANK ACCOUNT×rich, RATE√HIGH, PERSON√RICH, A LARGE AMOUNT OF $)

not all ambiguous pronouns are incorrect!

1) if you see an AMBIGUOUS PRONOUN that is REPLACED BY THE CORRECT NOUN in OTHER ANSWER CHOICES, then ELIMINATE the ambiguous pronoun and keep the specific noun.
HOWEVER,
2) if you see an ambiguous pronoun that is NOT replaced by the correct noun in any of the other answer choices, then DON'T eliminate
in general, OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS are very rarely the antecedents of pronouns.


According to a survey of graduating medical students conducted by the Association of American Medical Colleges, minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than are other graduates in planning to practice in socioeconomically deprived areas.
(A) minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than are other graduates in planning to practice
(B) minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than other graduates who plan on practicing
(C) minority graduates are nearly four times as likely as other graduates to plan on practicing
(D) it is nearly four times more likely that minority graduates rather than other graduates will plan to practice
(E) it is nearly four times as likely for minority graduates than other graduates to plan to practice

OA is C


RON: The biggest problem with D is its poor idiomatic construction. You don't say 'it is X times MORE likely that A will happen, RATHER THAN B'; 'more' is supposed to go with 'THAN', and is incompatible with 'rather than'. The proper construction would be 'it is X times more likely that A will happen than that B will happen.' Better than either of these, though, is the more compact form

: 'A is X times more likely to happen than is B.'

Mixed with an equal part of water, ethylene glycol, a compound commonly used as an automotive antifreeze, is effective at temperatures as low as -30 degrees Fahrenheit.
A. temperatures as low
B. temperatures so low
C. as low temperatures
D. as few
E. as little

The OA is A
RON: "at" is a preposition. prepositions must be followed by nouns; "as low..." is not a noun.
(by contrast,  "temperatures" -- which follows "at" in the correct answer -- is a noun.)
The reason why C is wrong is that:[size=14.007px] AS+adj.+singular n+ AS     or      
AS+adj.+(much, many few, little)plural n+ AS

The Environmental Protection Agency frequently puts mandatory controls on toxic substances that present as little risk as one in a million chances to cause cancer.
(A) as little risk as one in a million chances to cause
(B) as little risk as one chance in a million of causing
(C) as little risk as one chance in a million that it will cause
(D) a risk as little as one chance in a million for causing
(E) a risk as little as one chance in a million for it to cause


The OA is B
RON:"in" is a preposition.
it can be placed right in front of a noun: i am in school.
it can be placed in front of adj + noun:xxxx happens in two sets of circumstances.
in the same way, it can also be placed in front of larger constructions that fulfill the same role as a noun.
in this case, "as little x as y" plays the role of a noun.
AS+adj.+singular n+ AS
here's another set of three examples, all of which are correct:
the virus is found in humans.
the virus is found in most humans.
the virus is found in as much as 80% of the human population.

e.g.
i have never met a person as despicable asyour sister's boyfriend.
i have never met as despicablea person asyour sister's boyfriend.
--> both correct√
--AS+adj.+singular n+ AS
i have never met people as despicable as your friends.
--> correct√
* BUT *
i have never met as despicable people as your friends. 要么不要用复数，要么不要用despicanle
--> incorrect.×AS+adj.+(much, many few, little)plural n+ AS







DASH & HYPHEN
DASH : (set off modifier)EMPHASIS & IRONY
example:
Joe, who is from Miami, complained about the cold of the Las Vegas winter. --> no irony; this makes perfect sense, since las vegas is much colder than miami in winter. therefore, no reason to use dashes.
Joe -- who is from Duluth -- complained about the cold of the Las Vegas winter. --> extreme irony, since duluth is about 70 degrees colder than las vegas in the winter.



HYPHEN(一半长，COMPOUND WORD) :  
(set off modifier)1.EMPHASIS & IRONY,  2.NAME A LIST, 3.=COLONS
there are three main reasons for the use of dashes.
1) dashes can be used in the place of commas, to express some degree of surprise or irony at the content of the modifier that is being set off
examples:
John-- who is from alaska -- complained that winters in san francisco were cold.
(2) dashes may also be used as a substitute for commas to set off a modifier that NAMES people or things, especially if there is a LIST of such people/things.
example:
three of the players -- john, joe, and sammy -- and their wives were absent from the team banquet.
--> in this sentence, it's actually imperative that we use the dashes, since the sentence would be ambiguous if you just used commas:
three of the players, john, joe, and sammy, and their wives were absent from the team banquet.
there are two possible meanings for this version: (a) three unnamed players, john, joe, sammy, and all six of their wives; or (b) the above intended meaning.
3) dashes can be used to replace colons. (in any context)

RoxieHeart

• AS A RESULT OF √
• , WITH THE RESULT THAT√
• , RESULTING FROM ×    ☞时间顺序矛盾，present participle 表示动作与主句动作同时发生，
  

                                                   ☞但是result表示发生在主句动作以后

• RESULTING  IN THE ACT OF CAUSING × ☞结果不是act,是act causes的事情
  

PREPOSITION +N+ CAUSING... ×   【WITH特殊】prep phrase后面不能跟V-ING
if you're talking about a result, you normally use possessive-like constructions.
Something has a result ＝ an action's results = the results of an action = , with the result that                                                                                 ＝as a result of an action
As the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed, staying where it is inserted, this results in the act of stinging causing the bee to sustain a fatal injury.

A. As the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed, staying where it is inserted, this results in the act of stinging causing
B. As the heavily barbed stinger of the honeybee stays where it is inserted, with the result that the act of stinging causes
C. The honeybee’s stinger, heavily barbed and staying where it is inserted, results in the fact that the act of stinging causes
D. The heavily barbed stinger of the honeybee stays where it is inserted, and results in the act of stinging causing
E. The honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed and stays where it is inserted, with the result that the act of stinging causes


OA is E   
RON: first off,× the construction (preposition) + NOUN + VERBing is WRONG,× unless the preposition refers directly to the NOUN.   (因为后面的VERBing动作因为是modifier可省略.)

for instance:
i've never heard of bees stinging dogs
WRONG. × you've heard of bees themselves; √you've heard of their stinging dogs.
i have a picture of my cousin playing hockey.
CORRECT. this time, the picture is actually of my cousin
...results in the act of stinging causing...
WRONG. × result in the act of stinging itself; √ results in what is caused by the act of stinging.

A+D: wrong because of "...results in the act of stinging causing...".
A: the pronoun "this" in (a) doesn't refer to any particular noun.
C+D: you can't say "the stinger results in...".
"TAKEAWAY:
you can only say√ "X results in Y" when X is an ACTION. × if X is an OBJECT,
-B-
choice (b) misuses the connector "as".
the connector "as" connects two complete sentences BY ITSELF. if "as" is used to connect two complete sentences, it should NOT be used in conjunction with any other connector words.
in choice (b), "AS" and "WITH(不接完整句子)" are used together. the use of either of these prohibits the use of the other,否则不成句子


PREPOSITION +N+ CAUSING... ×   【WITH特殊】

"with" occupies a rather special place☞"WITH" is NOT used like other prepositions

the clearest example of this special usage is in the non-underlined part of og12 problem 29:
with individual bulls and cows receiving awards, fetching unprecedented prices, and exciting enormous interest
a similar usage can be found in og12 #23, with a past participle rather than an ING formwith its weight concentrated...
this usage directly violates the principles for the use of other prepositions -- specifically, "WITH + noun + VERBing" is allowed even though the VERBing, rather than the noun, is the intended object of "with". (i.e., in the sentence above, prize-stock breeding was not "with bulls and cows" -- it was specifically with prizes awarded to these animals.)

WITH的用法


1. "sense of possession".
With five all-state players in its backfield, ballardhigh looks
to shut down opposing offenses completely.
This sentence makes sense because ballard high actually has five all-state players in its backfield, thus justifying the use of "with".
2. ''contemporaneous''
With may be used with a present participle (-ING form) to represent circumstances that are contemporaneous with the action described in the main clause.

eg:


In less than a decade, India has become the world’s leading exporter of cotton, selling nearly 20,000 tons a year to Asian markets, with almost half going to South-East Asian countries.


It's a portion/component/aspect of the larger situation described right before it.
Just "contemporaneous" isn't accurate enough, though.
If two things happened at the same time with equal significance/size/importance/priority in context, × then this modifier construction would be inappropriate. In such cases, a√ parallel structure would be used instead.



COMMA, V-ING(p.p)
[size=14.007px]this sort of modifier should actually satisfy TWO requirements:
[size=14.007px]A it describe the action (and, at least indirectly, the s[size=14.007px]ubject) o[size=14.007px]f the[size=14.007px] preceding clause[size=14.007px] (注意subject和action不能分离，修饰的是前句动作)
[size=14.007px]+
[size=14.007px]B it should have one of the following RELATIONSHIPS to that clause:
[size=14.007px]* immediate [size=14.007px]consequence
[size=14.007px]* simultaneous, but [size=14.007px]lower[size=14.007px]-priority, action


AVOID REPETITION of little words

they really go out of their way to avoid repeated-word constructions such as X THAT Y THAT Z or X OF Y OF Z.
*  "×evidence THAT suggests THAT...", ☞''√evidence TO suggest THAT
    "×to plan to practice" ☞''√to plan on practicing''
* if you see something like "extent OF the shift OF light...", you can be 99.9% sure that it's incorrect

RoxieHeart

时态

• PARALLEL中不要求时态语态对应
• In a suitable context, "ALREADY" can work with present (or future) constructions.
  

eg:
Even though he has only known how to sew for two years, Valentin is already one of the best-known young fashion designers in his home country.
By the time I arrive back home, my wife will already be gone.

RoxieHeart

Because the Earth’s crust is more solid there and thus better able to transmit shock waves, an earthquake of a given magnitude typically devastates an area 100 times greater in the eastern United States than it does in the West.

(A)  of a given magnitude typically devastates an area 100 times greater in the eastern United States than it does in the West
(B)   of a given magnitude will typically devastate 100 times the area if it occurs in the eastern United States instead of the West
(C)   will typically devastate 100 times the area in the eastern United States than one of the comparable magnitude occurring in the West
(D)  in the eastern United States will typically devastate an area 100 times greater than will a quake of comparable magnitude occurring in the West
(E)   that occurs in the eastern United States will typically devastate 100 times more area than if it occurred with comparable magnitude in the West

OA: D 简单说就是比较对等的问题

an earthquake in the eastern United States will typically devastate an area

100 times greater than (决定了比的是area)

×a quake of comparable magnitude occurring in the West will. 【不PARALLEL而且area和quake比】

√ will a quake of comparable magnitude occurring in the West  【PARALLEL】

COMPARISON的关键就是PARALLEL也就是比较对象对等平行！！！不需要好管什么省略！！

省略只是告诉你不要因为像FRAGMENT去除正确答案！！！！！！

NOT FRAGMENT

The development of a new jumbo rocket that is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit than the space shuttle and at a lower cost.
(A) The development of a new jumbo rocket that is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit than the space shuttle and at a lower cost.
(B) The development of a new jumbo rocket is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration and be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit at a lower cost than the space shuttle.
(C) The new development of a jumbo rocket, which is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration, will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit at a lower cost than the space shuttle.
(D) A newly developed jumbo rocket, which is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration, will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit than the space shuttle can, and at a lower cost.
(E) A newly developed jumbo rocket, which is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration, will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit than the space shuttle and to cost less.

OA IS D.  首先E比较对象就错了，是和space shuttle的load不是和space shuttle比，其次平行错误cost的事不和deliver平行，而是讲新的deliverload大而且cost低,而且造成碎片

                        D是用了省略，不是FRAGMENT

Will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit than the space shuttle can, and (will be able to deliver) at a lower cost.

A) The development of a new jumbo rocket that is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbitthan the space shuttle and at a lower cost.
>> parallelism issue with and

(B)The development of a new jumbo rocket is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration and be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit at a lower cost than the space shuttle.

(C) The new development of a jumbo rocket,which is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration, will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit at a lower cost than the space shuttle.

(E) A newly developed jumbo rocket, which is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration, will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbitthan the space shuttleand to cost less.

RON:B+C: √ "100 times the area that..." or "100 times the area of..." or "100 times as much area...as..."

                 × '' 100times the area +instead of/ than'' than MUST go with a comparison word (more, less, greater, bigger, smaller, etc.

MORE可以和可/不可数名词连用

lake X contains more water than lake Y.(uncountable)
bowl X contains more almonds than bowl Y.(countable)

"quantity terms that can come before the noun" ≠ "quantity terms that can come after the noun"

• "more X" √ tray A contains more food than tray B
• "the X is more" × food on tray A is more than the food on tray B
  

According to public health officials, in 1998 Massachusetts became the first state in which more babies were born to women over the age of thirty than under it.
A. than
B. than born
C. than they were
D. than there had been
E. than had been born


OA IS A

RON

B. than born

you can't say "born under it"; this would imply babies that were born when THEY were under the age of thirty. this is clearly not what we mean.

C. than they were

the use of "they" implies that we're talking about the SAME BABIES referenced in the earlier part of the sentence.
when you use a PRONOUN, you are automatically referring to the SAME NOUN, IN THE SAME CONTEXT, as in the first part of the sentence.

D. than there had been

bad parallelism.
the non-underlined part uses the simple past, so we can't switch to the past perfect.

E. than had been born

same problem as (d)

RoxieHeart

The loan company announced it would soon lend money to borrowers with proven records of their not paying back their loans on time, collectively known as the subprime lending market.

A.Of their not paying back their loans on time,
B.Of not paying back their loans on time, a group
C.Of not paying back their loans on time, with such a group
D.That they do not pay back their loans on time,
E.That they do not pay back their loans on time, such a group



OA is B.  RECORD OF
                SUCH + a/an X.   X必须是前文出现的名词才能用这个结构
i have no problem with using a standard geometry textbook; indeed,
such a book is helpful in providing ready-made sets of practice problems.
--> "such a book" is legitimate because the sentence has mentioned a particular book


The Acoma and Hopi are probably the two oldest surviving Pueblo communities, both dating back at least a thousand years.
A. both dating
B. both of which have dated
C. and each has dated
D. and each one dating
E. each one of which date




OA is A
the problems actually lie elsewhere.
(c) and (d) are incorrect because of the word "and"; the sentence is not presenting two separate, independent facts, so "and" is inappropriate as a conjunction.

(b) and (c) are incorrect because of the tense used; "has dated" implies that this is not the case anymore. (this particular construction really only makes sense in the present tense -- or as an -ing modifier attached to a present-tense clause, since -ing modifiers adopt the tense of the clause to which they are attached.)

(e) has subject-verb disagreement ("each one of which" must be singular).

(d) uses complete sentence + comma + "and", a conjunction that should be followed by another independent clause. since "dating" isn't a verb, that second half is a fragment.



A mixture of poems and short fiction, Jean Toomer's Cane has been called one of the three best novels ever written by Black Americans"”the others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man.
A. Black Americans"”the others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man
B. Black Americans"”including Native Son by Richard Wright and Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison
C. a Black American"”including Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man
D. a Black American"”the others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man
E. a Black American"”the others being Richard Wright's Native Son and Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man


OA is E.
RON:
it's actually better to say "birds have a four-chambered heart" than to say "birds have four-chambered hearts", because the former makes it clear that each bird has exactly 1 heart. both, however, are acceptable.
in a similar vein, the construction of (d) and (e) makes it more clear that each book has exactly 1 author.

NEVER split on word choice before parallelism (which is possibly the single most important topic in SC). .