|
斗胆在前辈的讨论上续貂，敬请指正... 关于代词指代,一般遵循就近指代原则.也就是说大部分是指代最近的那个词.
但只要逻辑正确,没有歧义,并非不可以跳跃指代.也就是说,当最近的那个词不合适,我们可以跳过它往前找.
比如指示代词明明是个whose,最近的那个词却是个物,就要再往前找,直到找到人为止;
又比如指示代词明明是个it,最近的那个词却是个复数,也要再往前找,直到找到单数名词为止;
再比如从句的谓语明明是个一般现在时的动词原型,最近的那个逻辑主语却是个单数,也要再往前找,直到找到复数名词为止... 归纳起来就是,代词可以跳跃指代,但必须遵守人物一致,指代一致,主谓一致等要求.当有上述条件限定的时候,代词的跳跃指代不会产生歧义.
只要是逻辑正确,没有歧义,语法无硬伤的句子就是好句子. 看一下紫草jj引用的几个特例 已放入正确选项) OG119. Executives and federal officials say that the use of crack and cocaine is growing rapidly among workers, significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already cost business more than $100 billion a year.
这里which原本应该就近指代abuse,而且逻辑上似乎也说的通.(若不是看了本贴我一直就这么以为了)
但OG解释里面明确说:it is the effects of drug and alcohol abuse that already cost business the sum mentioned. 也就是说which指代的是effects.
为什么呢?线索就在cost.根据主句的时态,这里的cost也是一般现在时,也就是限制了which指代的必须是复数,于是排除了指代abuse的歧义.
有人可能要问为什么这里的cost不是过去分词?况且前面还有个already.
很明显如果是过去分词,这里少了have(has).其实already+一般现在时动词的情况很常见,不强调动作已完成,只表示动作已发生.体会一下I already do my homework.和I have already done my homework. The Wallerstein study indicates that even after a decade young men and women still experience some of the effects of a divorce
that occurred when they were children.
首先这里的that就近指代divorce,没有疑问.
其次,后面的they跳过了好多名词,指代的是young men and women.因为中间的effects和divorce都不是人,不会产生歧义. OG 114. From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage yet was so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.
这题其实不能算特例,with small...作为插入语不影响句子结构,因此which仍是就近指代canoe. OG128. New hardy varieties of rice show promise of producing high yields without the costly irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer that were required by earlier high-yielding varieties.
这题也是根据主谓一致排除了指代fertilizer的可能. OG127. In theory, international civil servants at the United Nations are prohibited from continuing to draw salaries from their own governments; in practice, however, some governments merely substitute living allowances for the paychecks of their employees
who have been assigned the United Nations.
这里更直观,who就近指代employees,满足主谓一致,逻辑上也没有问题.不可能跳跃去指代paychecks(薪水) OG71. The original building and loan associations were organized as limited life funds, whose members made monthly payments on their share subscriptions and then took turns drawing on the funds for home mortgages.
同上,whose不能指代funds,只能往前追溯到associations. 再看一个反例:OG128的D选项.
OG128. New hardy varieties of rice show promise of producing high yields without the costly application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation
that was required by earlier high-yielding varieties
这里的that就近指代irrigation,主谓一致也没有问题,应该说语法上没有错误.但是如此一来逻辑上将application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation割裂了.换句话说,that was required by...逻辑上应该指代application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation,也就是说其实表语应该是were.
所以选项D的that逻辑上应该指代application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation,但形式上指代了irrigation,所以还是属于指代错误. 综上,代词指代问题其实是一个逻辑问题,先要根据句子意思判断指代的是什么,再看形式上有没有语法和歧义问题.
| 
京公网安备11010202008513号 京ICP证101109号 京ICP备12012021号
发表于 2008-9-14 10:53:00
Thanks a lot!
