我所知道的代词指代规律1：同一代词何时可指代不同名词？

tankobe

关于代词指代，想必大家已遇到不少困难！前人曾试图总结GMAT中代词指代的规律，但结果不尽如人意！很多（包括一些大牛）认为：我们不应该试图寻找（实际上也不存在）一条简单的、适用任何情况的通则来判定代词的指代对象。还有一些人甚至认为：题意逻辑是最高总纲，我们根本就不应浪费时间找什么指代规律（对此，我十分反感！如果代词指代真的只能具体题目具体分析的话，那我们学语法有何用，所谓语法——本质上就是具有普遍适用性的行文规律）
诚然，对于代词指代并不是只有一条规律，它可能是被多个规律指导。其实我们的任务就是找到这些规律，仔细的思考它，最后熟练的运用它。我非常希望CD的童鞋们在做题中不断的发现这些规律，总结这些规律，最后大家一起来探讨。

废话不多说，进入正题：众所周知，在一个句子里，同一个代词不能指代两个不同的名词。但是GMAC总是喜欢给我们开玩笑，OG和PREP的题中，我们不难发现：在一个句子里，同一个代词指代两个不同的名词。有时，它居然还是题目考点，如下题：

Prep题: Schistosomiasis, a disease caused by a parasitic worm, is prevalent in hot, humid climates, and it has become more widespread as irrigation projects have enlarged the habitat of the freshwater snails that are the parasite's hosts for part of its life cycle.
a> the freshwater snails that are the parasite's hosts for part of its life cycle
b> the freshwater snails that are the parasite's hosts in part of their life cycle
c> freshwater snails which become the parasite's hosts for part of its life cycles
d> freshwater snails which become the hosts of the parasite during the parasite's life cycle
e> parasite's hosts, freshwater snails which become their hosts during their life cycles

看完题之后，我的第一思维是：代词指代除了问题，很明显第一个it 指Schistosomiasis， 第二its可能是想要指parasite或snails（至于题意要求指哪一个，我还真没看出来，也许你是高手，一眼就能根据所谓“题意逻辑”做出无比准确的判断）
第二步：我把所有含its的选项排除，剩下B D E.  DE中的which一般不引导限定性定语从句（根据OG以往的解释），貌似现在就可以排除DE，选取B做正确答案了。
第三步：看B选项，they和it指代不同对象，无比清晰，选之。
这就是我做这道题的全部过程。也许你又是高手，一眼看出了B中their life cycle 中的 cycle应该为 cycles。很不幸，在经过上述“正确”推理，我还怎么关注这一点。即使关注到了，在把此题重新思考一遍，估计3～4分钟已经过去，考场上也是不允许的。
很遗憾！答案是A.到底出了什么问题，我本以为这道题我做对了。问题出在哪？

问题出在一条清晰而又似乎模糊的规律: 在一个句子里，同一个代词指代两个不同的对象.GMAC经常以此理由告诉为什么一些选项是错误的，但是今天，他给我们开了一个玩笑！难道是它错了？它疯了？答案是否定的，实际上，在OG10中，我们同样可以找到：在一个句子里，同一个代词指代两个不同的对象的情况。尽管它有时不是考点。请看题：

OG10-205. The peaks of a mountain range, acting like rocks in a streambed, produce ripples in the air flowing over them; the resulting flow pattern, with crests and troughs that remain stationary although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, are known as "standing waves."

(A)  crests and troughs that remain stationary although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, are
(B)  crests and troughs that remain stationary although they are formed by rapidly moving air, are
(C)  crests and troughs that remain stationary although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, is
(D)  stationary crests and troughs although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, are  
(E)  stationary crests and troughs although they are formed by rapidly moving air, is

正确选项C中的them与主句中的them指代不同对象。
OG10-152： When the technique known as gene-splicing was invented in the early 1970's, it was feared that scien­tists might inadvertently create an "Andromeda strain," a microbe never before seen on Earth that might escape from the laboratory and it would kill vast numbers of humans who would have no natural defenses against it.

(A)  it would kill vast numbers of humans who would have no natural defenses against it
(B)   it might kill vast numbers of humans with no natural defenses against it
(C)  kill vast numbers of humans who would have no natural defenses against it
(D)  kill vast numbers of humans who have no natu­ral defenses against them  
(E)   kill vast numbers of humans with no natural defenses against them
正确选项C；选项中的it与主句中it指代不同名词。

谁是谁的小宝贝

同一代词指代不唯一

YumiYaya

！

isla-grs

AllenZX 发表于 2009-11-7 20:10
我来帮忙归纳一下: 代词指代范围只限于两个维度, 即主,从句.  如果从句中还有从句,那属于第三维度, 第 ...

幸亏拉下去看到你的总结了，不然半个小时都看完哈哈哈谢谢！！

PIDOLIN

顶楼主！               

tonywyb

在以上三题，我们都发现了同一代词指代不同对象的问题。虽然与我们的常识不符，但他们是正确的。要解开这个谜，就必须谈到代词指代范围的问题。
范围1）指代本句中的名词；
范围2）指代其所修饰的“主句”中的名词（即如果跨句指代，代词所在句必须与名词所在句有修饰关系），不能指代其不能修饰的句中的名词。
例外：从句在前，主句中的代词可指代从句中的名词；如果从句在后，主句中的代词不能指代从句中的名词（参见白勇220）。反之，状语从句修饰主句，所以其内代词任何时候都可指代主句中的名词（主要是宾语/主语，至于宾语/主语修饰与中的名词，我们暂时不讨论）。

再看上述三题：
（主句1）Schistosomiasis, a disease caused by a parasitic worm, is prevalent in hot, humid climates, and it has become more widespread  （“主句2”）as irrigation projects have enlarged the habitat of the freshwater snails  （“从句1”）that are the parasite's hosts for part of its life cycle（“从句”）
.

第一个it的指代范围为 主句1；第二it/its的指代范围 “主句2”和“从句”，原因是its所在的that从句是修饰freshwater snails  ，所以与freshwater snails  所在句是修饰与被修饰的关系，因而that内的可以指代“主句2”的内容，如果不是that定语从句而是状语从句的情况，更是如此。因为“从句1”并不与 主句1 发生修饰与被修饰关系，所以its无法与主句中的it互动，也不会导致指代不清的情况。
当然此题还有一个parasite's //
its 的平行并列。

这句关于its， OG的解释是 As the parasite is referred to as singular,the possessive pronoun in the final phrase must also be singular.
可以看出这个 its 是用于指代parasite 的
但仍然适用  “同句指代“

riclyme

upup

verylotus

贴一条题目
Almost like clones in their similarity to one another, the cheetah species’ homogeneity makes them especially vulnerable to disease.

A the cheetah species’ homogeneity makes them especially vulnerable to disease
B the cheetah species is especially vulnerable to disease because of its homogeneity
C the homogeneity of the cheetah species makes it especially vulnerable to disease
D homogeneity makes members of the cheetah species especially vulnerable to disease
E members of the cheetah species are especially vulnerable to disease because of their homogeneity
选E
题中两个their指的不是同一个东西吧
这又是什么规则？

payo

目前我的理解是 两句完整的句子用标点或者连词连接，代词是可以修饰不同对象的 因为本身就是两句话 不存在同一句内指代不同的问题 两句完整句子各自的从句，非谓语，伴随等都属于主句的补充 也不会对对方主句的指代造成影响
再加上形式主/宾语it不会造成指代不同 感觉差不多了

tankobe

对，只要第二个it另有所指！OG上这种题很多！

-- by 会员 tankobe (2009/11/7 20:50:16)

It was only after Katharine Graham became publisher of The Washington Post in 1963 that it moved into the first rank of American newspapers, and it was under her command that the paper won high praise for its unrelenting reporting of the Watergate scandal.

可以解释一下吗？

-- by 会员 payo (2009/11/7 20:57:31)

payo! 看来这一点上我是错了，不过确实做过2～3道题，因为一个it做形式主语，而另一个it指代名词，所以不优选的。

此题A选项之所以能够成为正确答案，我想有两个方面的原因：

1）划线两句的平行并列消除了歧义混淆的可能性；之所以不让一个代词指代两个对象，就是为了防止混淆歧义；我们说不同层次上同一代词能指代同一对象，是因为它可以避免混淆歧义。当然GMAC如果认为平行平列也有此功能的话，那当然也可以！

2）与本帖观点一致，for状语（第三层次）修饰的是that从句（第二层次）：that the paper won high praise for its unrelenting reporting of the Watergate scandal. 因而its指代范围被限定在从句that the paper won high praise 内，所以不会与第一层次： it was under her command 中的it产生互动。

个人见解，仅供参考！毕竟GMAC中喜欢拿自己钟爱的规则开刀！