一道逻辑题，其中odds,against,cast等词很混乱

王Alcal1011

23. “DNA fingerprinting” is a recently-introduced biochemical procedure that uses a pattern derived from a person’s genetic material to match a suspect’s genetic material against that of a specimen from a crime scene. Proponents have claimed astronomically high odds against obtaining a match by chance alone. These odds are based on an assumption that there is independence between the different characteristics represented by a single pattern.

Which one of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the claim of the proponents of DNA fingerprinting?

(A) The large amount of genetic material that people share with all other people and with other animals is not included in the DNA fingerprinting procedure.

(B) There is generally accepted theoretical basis for interpreting the patterns produced by the procedure.

(C) In the whole population there are various different subgroups, within each of which certain sets of genetic characteristics are shared.

(D) The skill required of laboratory technicians performing the DNA fingerprinting procedure is not extraordinary.

(E) In the investigation of certain genetic diseases, the techniques used in DNA fingerprinting have traced the transmission of the diseases among the living members of very large families.

答案是C。

请问
1.“Proponents have claimed astronomically high odds against obtaining a match by chance alone. ”这句话是什么意思？
odds是机会大还是机会小？against是反对吧？但是后面又是什么意思？
2.题干中“casts the most doubt on the claim of the proponents of DNA fingerprinting”
cast是什么意思，是weaken吗？
doubt是指什么？
3.这整道题我都没有怎么看懂，到底是些什么东西

哭求大家的帮助

小火凤儿

我对原文的理解是这样的：DNA指纹识别是利用从人类基因中获取的模式，来对比（对照）疑犯的基因码和从罪案现场获得的样本。支持DNA指纹识别的人宣称，疑犯的基因码和从罪案现场获得的样本相符合的情况，在极大的可能性下并非偶然。上述可行性是基于这样的假设，即由单个模式代表的不同特征是相互独立的。
提问就是要找出一个观点，可以攻击“支持DNA指纹识别的人宣称的观点“，其中一个方法就是攻击观点的假设。
只要假设存疑，假设之上的观点就站不住脚。所以就选择C。
PS: cast the most doubt， 我理解是可以等同于most weaken。

symbolicsmile

同意楼上~
high odds应该是几率比较大~against是反对~
这里是有点绕，high odds against就说说后面的所说的情况在很大几率下是错误的~
cast the most doubt就是说提出疑问，同weaken~

jimli

odds是差异、不一致的意思。

iamxin

Proponents have claimed astronomically high odds against obtaining a match by chance alone.
应当翻译为：支持者宣称重合（指基因）的几率在其他方面不考虑的情况下是天文数字。
例如：概率为百亿分之一