SC部分小结【陆续更新中】

S_Francis

一直是一个伸手党，在经历了OG11,13,PREP08以后尝试着做一些总结。主体框架是曼哈顿语法的第三章，更新了各部分例题和一些自己对于题目的见解。
2. 主谓一致考点：
        1. 迷惑型的单数单词：
                1. 学科：mathematics,physics(带着s但是谓语需要单数形式)
                2. 活动：aerobics(有氧健身法)
                3. 疾病：diabetes(糖尿病)，hepatitis（肝炎），meningitis（脑膜炎）
                4. 单位类：dollars，minutes，pounds--谓语是单数
                5. 其他：citrus(柠檬，柑橘)，discus(铁饼),species(取决于修饰语的单复数)，media（使用复数）
                        1. 【OG13-SC/67】The 32 species that（干扰的that修饰形式） make up(已经表明主语是复数) the dolphin family are closely related to wales and in fact include（修饰的是species）……
                        2. 【OG13-SC/06】Diabetes……谓语动词得是单数
                        3. 【GWD 14-18,media是复数形式,medium是单数形式】Analyzing campaign expenditures, the media has had as a focus the high costs and low ethics of campaign finance, but they have generally overlooked the cost of actually administering elections, which includes facilities, transport, printing, staffing and technology.
                                A. Analyzing campaign expenditures, the media has had as a focus
                                B. Analyses of campaign expenditures by the media has been focus on
                                C. In analyzing campaign expenditures, the media have focused on
                                D. Media analyses of campaign expenditures have had as a focus
                                E. In their analysis of campaign expenditures, the media has been focusing on
                                · A,B,E均是主谓不一致，D项主语改变，原文想说的是media而非analyse
                6. 集合名词和隐形复数：集合名词是单数形式但是指代复数概念，在GMAT考试中几乎都是单数出现
                        1. people:agency,army,audience,class,committee,team……
                        2. items:baggage,citrus,equipment,fleet,fruit,furniture
                        3. 隐形复数（需要根据谓语动词来判断）:
                                a. 【OG/SC/114】Starfish,with anywhere from five to eight arms have a strong……（下文的指代必须是复数形式）
                                b. Although Napoleon's army entered Russia with far more supplies than they had in their
                                previous campaigns,it had provisions for only twenty-four days.【it指代army，因此应该是单数形式】
                                A. they had in their previous campaigns
                                B. their previous campaigns had had
                                C. they had for any previous campaign
                                D. in their previous campaigns
                                E. for any previous campaign
                7. doing+n.:如果可以翻译成n is doing，那么doing就是这个名词的修饰；如果不可以，就是动名词（rising interest rates=interest rates are rising,所以后面的动词应该跟着rates走）
        2. 常考结构
                1. 几个容易引起主语不明显的简单结构：of mice/for mike/by 1800/In Zambia/with her/at that level
                2. s,修饰语,v+o—修饰语会干扰主语位置的判断
                        · e.g.【OG13-SC/7】The intricate(complex)structure of the compound insect eye,having hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia,helps explain……(having在里面修饰的是就近的compound insect eyes;helps需要和主语中的a部分the intricate structure一致)
                3. a of b that v+o  a是核心词，a来决定单复数(OG/SC3,16,79)
                        1. e.g【OG13-SC/30】Paleontologist believe that fragments（主语） of a primate jawbone unearthed（谓语1） in Burma and estimated（谓语2：固定用法estimate to be） at 40 to 44 million years old provide(谓语3) evidence of……
                4. a in b,主语看的还是a，但是如果后面接了定语从句或者v-ing就是就近修饰b了
                        1. e.g 【OG13-SC/3】Although a surge in retail sales has raised hopes that a recovery is finally……
                        2. Lying produces emotional reactions in an individual that,in turn,create unconscious physiological responses.
                5. One of noun(pl.)that v+o, v使用复数形式，因为修饰的是就近noun
                        1. Trap structure: (not) one of the+名词复数+单数形式谓语；Not one of =none of
                6. Many of/a (large) number of/numbers of+复数主语+谓语复数（有3个常考陷阱：第一个是of后面那个复数主语前面有很多修饰词导致主语混乱而忽略复数；第二个是many of后面加的是可数名词的复数形式，不可以填不可数名词；第三个是many后面的动词复数形式）
                        § e.g. A report by the American Academy for the Advancement of Science has concluded that many of the currently uncontrolled dioxins(二恶英) to which North Americans are exposed come from the incineration(焚化) of wastes.
                7. All of n. 结构：all of其实相当于前置冠词，单复数看名词部分就可以
                        · 类似结构包括：part of, some of, most of, lots of, one-third of, half of
                        · 特殊注意：none of, none 带有单数的意思，修饰复数可数名词谓语可以是单数也可以是复数
                8. Little 以及few对应修饰的名词是否可数
                        § 【OG11-SC88】Down-zoning,zoning that typically results in the reduction of housing density, allows for more open space in areas where little water or services exist.
                        A. Little water or services exist【or存在并列关系，little不能修饰可数名词services】
                        B. Little water or services exists【or考察就近原则，services对应的动词应该是exist】
                        C. Few services and little water exists【and并列关系，谓语动词应该是复数】
                        D. There is little water or services available【little不能修饰可数名词services】
                        E. There are few services and little available water
                9. An overwhelming proportion of ..."是一个数量表达，逻辑上本身虽然是单数，但是语法上却视为复数，因为它所代表的women是复数的，还有很多类似的表达比如percentages, proportions, fractions等
                        1. e.g.【Prep08/SC249】In Hungary, as in much of Eastern Europe【对比对象要一致】, an overwhelming proportion of women work【不是works】, many of them in middle management and light industry.
                10. It is X that does Y/clause结构（形式主语是X所以谓语动词需要和形式主语匹配）
                        1. It is the fixed costs【 that stem from building nuclear plants】 that make it more expensive ……
                11. 随前一致：along with,as well as, in addition to,together with,there be
                        1. 特殊：including 连接不同的名词只是起到修饰作用，主语还是在前面不会改变单复数，谓语动词还是根据主语走
                        2. e.g saying that their compliance with laws（修饰主语） requiring turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting……
                        3. 误区：不要看到as well as就开始想随前一致
                                1. 【OG11/SC104】The Federalist papers,a strong defense of the United States Constitution as well as an important body[as well as前后的平行] of work in political science,represent the handiwork of three different authors. 【真正的主语是Federalist Papers,因此对应的谓语是represent而非represents】
                12. 随后一致：not only…but also…;not …but…
                        · e.g.Not only the students but also the teacher was against the plan. / Not only the teacher but also the students were against the plan.
                        · But 则需要注意是否充当定语: Everyone but a few complete idiots was able to see that.
                13. 几个非限制性代词
                        1. or/either or/neither nor
                                1. 就近原则：离谓语动词近的是单数，谓语就是单数；复数就是复数
                                        1. e.g Neither the coach nor the players are going to the beach.
                                2. 若仅仅只有either或者neither，没有or,nor则谓语一定用单数
                                        1. e.g Neither the children is going to school.
                        2. each&every
                                1. each&every两个词如果放在单数前用单数
                                        1. e.g Every dog and cat has paws.
                                2. each&every 两个词如果放在复数之后用复数
                                        1. e.g They each are great tennis player.
                                3. we each + 复数/Each of us +单数
                14. Flip it(倒装)
                        1. 原则：主语的单复数向后看，判断倒装句的单复数要看谓语动词后面主语的单复数
                        2. e.g Near those buildings sits a lonely house,inhabited by squatters.
        3. Summary
                1. 判断真正的主语：喜欢使用模糊主语的结构来干扰对于主语的判断（分为主语后方的长修饰词和定语从句修饰就近部分两种情况）
                2. 代词的单复数：代词的单复数和主语一致，需要判断真正的代指到底是什么，在OG的错题中多数都是代词上出的问题（代词还一般指代的是需要判断的真正主语）

S_Francis

I. 典型平行结构
        1. 比较级结构
                1. the higher……, the longer……：The higher watt-hour rating,the longer the battery can be expected to last.(v.形式不一定要一致)
                2. X is less/more than Y
        2. 习惯用语类
                1. not only…… but (also,在该结构表示递进关系时可以省略)……:someone who could not only arrange music for his successful bing band, but also mirror his eccentric writing style in order to finish.(could限制动词结构；not only……but also放在who前后，平行的部分不一样)
                        1) trap:做题的时候要弄清楚句子的意思是递进还是转折。not only ...but also表示并列，不能表示转折，不要有先入为主的感觉认为not only...but also必须一起出现。单独出现but also是可能的，此时表示的是转折
                        2) Tips extra for the structure:
                                a. 就近原则：主谓一致部分
                                b. 不用在否定句中：They don't fear not only hardship but also death.(可以使用either……or或者neither……nor进行替换)
                                c. 倒装原则：not only 位于句首时，第一个分句中的主语和谓语要部分倒装
                                        a. e.g.【GWD-8-Q20】Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland (especially in the Northeast) and gave【此处应该改为give，因为倒装引起了did提前】 consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it also caused erosion and very quickly deforested whole regions.
                                d. 变体：
                                        a. not only……but（省略also，用在递进结构）
                                        b. not only……also
                2. not（as）……but（as）……：Many experts regarded the large increase in credit card borrowing in March not as a sign that households were pressed for cash and forced to borrow, but as a sign that households were confident they could safely handle new debt.(as不能省略，是固定搭配)
                3. X is good, and so too is Y(倒装形式)
                4. the same to X as to Y:Galileo was convinced that natural phenomena, as manifestations of the laws of physics, would appear the same to someone on the deck of a shop moving smoothly and uniformly through the water as to a person standing on land.
                5. both……and……：Elizabeth Barber, the author of both <Prehistoric Textiles>, comprehensive work on cloth in the early cultures of the Mediterranean,and <Women’s Work>, a more general account of early cloth manufacture,is an authority on textiles in ancient societies.(看清楚both……and的并列成分，of在both之前，所以后面的and后没有必要加入of)
                6. A as well as B【该结构平行，强调的是A，但注意这个结构在语义上并不对等】:The nineteenth-century chemist Humphrey Davy presented the results of his early experiments in his “Essay on Heat and Light,” a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of a new chemistry that Davy hoped to found.
                        i. e.g.【prep08/SC230】Turning away from literary realism to write romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, in 1909 Selma Lagerlöf was the novelist who became the first woman and was also the first Swedish writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature.
                                a. She turned away from literary realism and wrote romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, and novelist Selma Lagerlöf in 1909 became the first woman as well as the first Swedish writer that won【as well as有主次之分，这样导致了that修饰的仅仅是writer,导致前面became the first woman出现语义错误】
                                b. Selma Lagerlöf was a novelist who turned away from literary realism to write romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, and in 1909 she became the first woman in addition to the first Swedish writer winning【in addition to是同样的问题，而且这个地方还有一个first ……to do 】
                                c. A novelist who turned away from literary realism to write romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, Selma Lagerlöf became in 1909 the first woman and also【and also一般指的是对于同一个对象的两个描述】 the first Swedish writer to win 【正确选项】    
                7. X,such as Y/Such X as Y(example:表举例时，用such as 不用like,as可能省略;当GMAT中出现like、unlike时，仅考查其比较用法):most effort to combat such mosquito-borne diseases as malaria and dengue have focused on either vaccinating humans or exterminating mosquitoes with pesticides.(双平行结构)
                8. Neither……nor与相似结构：
                        1. e.g.Neither the salesman nor the supervisor has been notified of the sale.
                        2. Similar structure:Although energy prices have tripled in the United States over the last two years, research indicates that few people have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do (few已经有了否定含义所以不用再加入一个nor)or (have)made fuel efficiency a priority when shopping for cars.——两个平行的过去分词可以共享同一个助动词have
                9. And,but,or, yet:平行标志词为and,but,or,yet的时候从第二个开始be动词，情态动词，不定式可以省略
                        a. trap:As well as不等同于and，不表示并列关系，而是侧重其前面的部分，后面部分处于从属地位
                        b. Because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the wall.(would crystallize的形式都是不对的)
                        c. And结构中的从句平行【容易忽略平行关系，从句平行容易忽略修饰关系】
                                a. 【OG11/SG02】However much United States voters may agree that there is waste in government and that the government as a whole spends beyond its means,it is difficult to find broad support for a movement toward a minimal state. 【这道题的平行考点比较隐蔽，判断主要依据未划线部分的and that来断定是从句平行】
                                · 该题目中的几个补充：
                                        a) However是连接副词，因此不可以连接两句话（只有and，but在这里可以）
                                        b) However后面可以加句子，但是despite只能加介词
                                b. 【OG11-SC27】Minnesota is the only one of the contiguous forty-eight states that still has a sizable wolf population, and where this predator remains the archenemy of cable and sheep.
                                A. that still has a sizable wolf population,and where
                                B. that still has a sizable wolf population,where
                                C. that still has a sizable population of wolves,and where
                                D. where the population of wolves is still sizable;
                                E. where there is still a sizable population of wolves and where
                                · 平行的只能是同一种从句，不同种从句不可以（OG:That still has...and where are not parallel），另外从语法上讲如果选C的话第二个从句的where离先行词States也过远了
                                · 没有必要为了平行而平行，即强行造成两个从句【OG11/SC22】
                                        ○ 【题目原文】In recent years cattle breeders have increasingly used crossbreeding,party because certain characteristics should be acquired by their steers and partly because crossbreeding is said to provide hybrid vigor.
                                        ○ 【划线部分正确答案】partly to acquire certain characteristics in their steers【能用主动就不要用被动，题目中划线部分和正确答案表达一个含义，所以优先选择更加简单的】
                        d. More and more in recent years, cities are stressing the arts as a means to greater economic development and (are)investing millions of dollars in cultural activities, despite strained municipal budget and fading federal support.(省略的情况)
                        e. Because the budget package in Congress promises a combination of higher taxes and reduced spending that may slow economic growth, many in the credit markets wonder whether the Federal Reserve will compensate（使用by的原因） and help the economy by keeping interest rates low, or perhaps even by pushing.(through和by的区别在于：通过做B达成了做A倾向使用through，而通过做B来做A【A还在做】时使用by)
                10. whereas(while,but:introduces two contrasting situations or events and should be followed by parallel structure ) :whereas in mammals the tiny tubes that convey nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in parallel lines, in birds the tubes from a random pattern.
                        1. Notice1:whereas 只要求对比的核心逻辑上有对称关系，不要求对称位置必须是对称名词
                        2. e.g.Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear power, whereas nuclear power accounts for just over 33 percent of the energy produced in Germany.
                        3. Notice 2:如果whereas后面接介词短语，那么主句的开头也必须需要是介词短语(whereas后出现介词短语或者状语都会非常对称)，如果whereas后接单纯主谓宾（或主系表），主句也要尽量用单纯的主谓宾（或主系表）来对应
                        4. e.g.Pine trees thrive in relatively wet climates, whereas oaks prefer drier ones.【单纯主谓宾结构】
                        5. e.g.Whereas owners of condominium apartments have free and clear title to their dwellings, owners of cooperative apartments have shares in a corporation that owns a building and leases apartments to them.【介宾结构】
        3. 标点符号类
                A. 逗号：
                        a. 通常逗号形式：A and B/A,B and C/A,B,C and D(逗号只能出现在最后一个元素前面且不可以省略)
                        b. 特殊逗号形式：连接两个从句，逗号可有可无。如果连接两个元素是长的独立句子时候，GMAT推荐使用“A, and B”形式
                                · The National Academy of Sciences has urged the nation to revamp computer security procedures,institute new emergency response teams, and create a special nongovernment organization to take charge of computer security planning.（本题省略了不定式to）
                B. 分号：分号前后必须使用完整的主谓结构，它不能连接句子和短语（即句子；短语；句子）
                        1. e.g Tropical bats play important roles in the rain forest ecosystem,aiding in the dispersal of cashew,data, and fig seeds;pollinating banana,breadfruit,and mango trees;and indirectly helping to produce tequila by pollinating agave plants.(此处分号起的作用是平行三个并列短语)
                C. 破折号：起到解释说明作用
                        · e.g.【Prep08/SC235】A mixture of poems and short fiction, Jean Toomer's Cane has been called one of the three best novels ever written by Black Americans—the others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man
                                A. Black Americans—the others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man
                                B. Black Americans—including Native Son by Richard Wright and Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison
                                C. a Black American—including Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man
                                D. a Black American—the others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man           
                                E. a Black American—the others being Richard Wright's Native Son and Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man
                        · Analyse:
                                1. 这个题目就非常讲求平行结构，首先从逻辑上对比的是书而不是作者，因此A,C,D就都不对。在B和E中，要优选E因为，前面给出的形式是Jean Toomer’s Cane
                                2. being+n.不一定错。本题破折号后可以还原为句子：The others are RW’s NS and RE’s IM.
                                3. 关于用Black Americans还是用a Black American：日常写作中用Black Americans和a Black American都可以，逻辑和语法都没有问题，GMAT家似乎倾向于使用后者，更加清晰指出一本书是一个人写。
        4. 逻辑平行：平行结构最终考察的还是逻辑关系，因此要先满足逻辑关系才考虑形式平行
                A. 系动词：系动词两边的成份要并列
                        a. 系动词当成平行标志词，主语和宾语平行（meaning上也是）
                        b. be动词中，当使用进行时与被动语态时不要求平行
                        c. e.g.The bouquet of flower was a gift of love.
                        d. e.g.Once（后面接过去完成时） they had seen the report from the medical examiner, the investigators had no doubt（doubt可以做动词doubt whether也可以做名词 have not doubt that）that the body recovered from the river was that of the man who had attempted to escape from the state prison.(body和man不对等)
                B. 系动词类：be动词+become+感官动词+appear+grow+stay+seem+turn+resemble+represent+remain
                C. Sentence structure的平行：行为1导致行为2也是一种大平行
                        A. e.g.【Prep08/SC255】Being heavily committed（此处不使用A项中的commitment是因为committed和后面的miss and misinterpret对应） to a course of action, especially one that has worked well in the past, is likely to make an executive miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.
                D. 【逻辑平行但形式不平行的典型例题，OG11-SC99】 Judge Bonham denied a motion to allow members of the jury to go home at the end of each day instead of to confine them to a hotel.
                (A) to allow members of the jury to go home at the end of each day instead of to confine them to
                (B) that would have allowed members of the jury to go home at the end of each day instead of confined to
                (C) under which members of the jury are allowed to go home at the end of each day instead of confining them in
                (D) that would allow members of the jury to go home at the end of each day rather than confinement in
                (E) to allow members of the jury to go home at the end of each day rather than （to）be confined to
                · 本题看到平行标志词instead of和rather than即可确定考察平行关系，所以根据此项原则B,C,D全部排除。剩下A和E，此项必须根据逻辑语义进行判断。题目应该是说judge否认他想让陪审团成员每天回家而非强迫他们留在酒店。留在酒店是被动的，所以E更符合语境而A是主动态所以选E
                E. 【在两种情况下都满足形式平行条件，最终和谁平行需要考虑语义】Professor Dan Ariely and Kalvin Martin have collaborated on petitions urging school to offer an unqualified apology for any abuse, to authorize an independent investigation, and to provide a fund to compensate victims for therapy and for other expenses or losses resulting from the abuse.
                        A. Urging school to offer an unqualified apology for any abuse, to authorize an independent investigation, and to provide a fund to compensate victims for therapy and for
                        B. Urging schools to offer an unqualified apology for any abuse, authorizing an independent investigation, and providing a fund to compensate victims for therapy and for
                        · 逻辑上应该是school进行offer, authorize, provide三个动作而非请愿书petitions,所以应选A

S_Francis

1. 核心考点：比较对象是否符合逻辑对等和语法对等、比较标志词的固定搭配
2. Like&As
        A. Like:similar to/in a manner similar to
                a. 使用like比较结构要确定两点：
                        · like是一个介词，后面接的是名词、代词或者名词短语或者动名词形式的名词，不能接介词短语或者句子等
                        · like后面接的名词是在与紧随句子/分句的主语做比较
                        · 相似结构：like, unlike, in contrast to
                b. 在like A, S.V.0结构中，注意的是like和比较对象必须具有相同的属性，即A和S是同类型(OG/SC11)
                c. 在like A, S.V.0结构中，Like的比较不可以含有代词，即A和S都不能是代词
                d. Like放在句尾时，小心歧义：I want to coach divers(潜水员)like Greg Louganis.(divers who are like Greg? In the same way as Greg does?)
                e. Extra:Similar to 不能放在句首，应换成like;different from 不能放在句首，应换成unlike
                f. Like比较中容易忽略的两个原则：
                        i. 比较的对象具有可比性：Frank’s build,like his brother’s,is muscular.(典型的错误是like his brother，这样让两部分不平行)
                        ii. 比较的结构保持平行：I like running through forest more than walking through crowds.
        B. As:是介词也是连词，所以后面跟名词或者句子都可
                a. As 表示连词时：
                        i. Duration As: As I strolled to the store,I smelled the air.(as=while,during)
                        ii. Causation As:I will not tell you,as you already know.(as=since,because)
                        iii. Comparison As:You should wake as she wants you to.(as:正如，像……一样)comparison as有时和just,so,so too连用
                                i. e.g.Just as the trains were late yesterday,the buses are late today.
                                ii. e.g.Just as the trains were late yesterday,so too are they【倒装结构】 late today.
                                iii. e.g.Just as water is vital to fish, so air is to human.
                                                        i. just as A do, so B do平行比较结构的习惯搭配：意思是：就如同A…B…
                                · Comparison as 可以接一个短语，不一定非要是从句:As in the previous case,the judge took an early break.
                b. As表示介词时：
                        (1) Function As:As your leader,I am in charge.(as:具有……功能)
                        (2) Equation As:I think you as my friend.(as:当做)
                        (3) Stage As: As a child, I thought I could fly.(as:当我……的时候)
                        (4) As≠similar to
                c. As……as【结构类似more than】 & So……as结构
                        1. First as+adj./adv.,second as+nous/phrase/clause
                                · e.g.They are hungry as you.
                                · e.g.They are hungry as you are.
                        2. 表示举例用such as(such X as Y/X,such as Y),as可省略,不使用like
                                · e.g Two Swiss psychologists declared that since most of the studies had failed to control for variables such as social class and family size, none could be taken seriously.
                        3. So……as与so……that结构
                                a. so……that可以用于多个主语时，so前面的主语和that后面的主语可以不一样
                                b. so … as to be/do一般用于单一主语，但是不能相隔太远，否则可以视为错误。这个结构必须修饰紧挨着的动词，不然十分容易引起歧义【原理：so … as to事实上是三个结构的结合，so引出的是状语，as指代句子前面的核心含义，to是不定式引导状语结构(adverbial structure)，此不定式修饰的正是前面的核心动词以及该动词的逻辑主语，所以只有当前面只有一个核心动词而且很明确的时候才能够用so…as to，也正因为修饰成分离被修饰词过远会造成修饰不清，所以to be/do结构不能与前面动词不能太远。】
                                · 【prep08/SC 174】
                                Often major economic shifts are so gradual as to be indistinguishable at first from ordinary fluctuations in the financial markets.
                                        A. so gradual as to be indistinguishable
                                        B. so gradual so that they can be indistinguishable
                                        C. so gradual that they are unable to be distinguished【be able/unable to不使用被动结构】
                                        D. gradual enough not to be distinguishable【不如indistinguishable简单】   
                                        E. gradual enough so that one cannot distinguish them
                                *：so … as to be/do正确的情况是，so后面加adjective，即：So + ADJECTIVE + as to + VERB
3. Numbers in Comparison&Other comparison structures
        A. 倍数的数量比较，使用times and as……as……together(as……as要成对出现),twice (as much as) sth是其中的一种特殊形式
                a. e.g The man is five times as old as his grandson.(man’s age=5*his grandson’s age)≠The man is five times older than his grandson.(five times older=the man is six times as old as his grandson.)
                b. e.g.Providing initial evidence that airports are a larger source of pollution than they were once believed to be, environmentalists in Chicago report that the total amount of pollutant emitted annually by vehicles at O’Hare International Airport is twice that emitted annually by all motor vehicles in the Chicago metropolitan area.
        B. Sometimes use“times”,不要as或者than，表示直接的倍数
                · e.g.The cost of a ticker is 12 euros,six times the cost ten years ago.
        C. times做比较时的用法小结
        1) X times+as+adj./adv.+as
                · e.g.The farm has more than twice as many cows as it has pigs.【是cows是pig的两倍多，可以类比一下A has B twice as many as C这个比较句型也可以写为A has twice as many B as C. 所以句子的核心是A has B，即：The farm has cows. 】
        2) X times(twice)+the+n.
        3) 数量中（numbers）的times用great/small修饰，不使用more/less
                · 【OG11-SC72】The gyrfalcon,an Arctic bird of prey, has survived a close brush with extinction;its numbers are now five-times greater than when the use of DDT was sharply restricted in the early 1970’s.
                A. extinction;its numbers are now five times greater than
                B. extinction:its numbers are now five times more than
                C. extinction,their numbers now fivefold what they were 【代词的单复数不正确，主语是G这种鸟类】
                D. extinction,now with fivefold the numbers they had
                E. extinction,now with【with结构变成了后面部分修饰前面的extinction】 numbers five times greater than
               
        4) X times (adj. )more than 【times+the+n.+than是错误用法；than必须要与比较级搭配】
                · e.g. A new hair-growth drug is being sold for three times the price, per milligram, that the drug's maker charges for another product with the same active ingredient.【that指代price引导限定性定语从句，这里“, per milligram,”是个插入语，要用that来连接限定性定从；虽然that在定从中做宾语，但是为了更为清晰地表达后面部分的定从地位that还是应该补出】
                ○ 经典考题【Prep08/SC175】
                        · Experts estimate that ten times as much petroleum exists in sources like tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even in shale than in conventional reservoirs.
                        A. sources like tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even in shale than
                        B. sources like tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even in shale than are
                        C. such sources as tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even in shale as are
                        D. such sources as tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even shale as
                        E. such sources as tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even shale than
                        ○ Analysis: 
                                1. 考察as的两个用法，第一个是such……as的举例，第二个是含有as的倍数表达法
                                2. 因为such……as直接排除有like的A&B,然后固定结构times as……as（不是times不带as的情况）所有要找缺少的as,排除E,最后C中的in多余，因为exists in已经填补了介词
                        · The number of people flying first class on domestic flights rose sharply in 1990, doubling the increase of the previous year.  
                                A. doubling the increase of
                                B. doubling that of the increase in
                                C. double as much as the increase of
                                D. twice as many as the increase in    
                                E. twice as many as the increase of
                                ○ Analysis:
                                        a) 考察伴随状语，前后平行关系一致，不可数名词和抽象名词不同many修饰
                                        b) 句意：今年的增长(increase)是去年(increase)的两倍
                                a. Correct；这里的double是"make twice as great"的意思，也就是使increase/growth两倍；present participle结构修饰前面整个分句。
                                b. That无指代对象，有人说that是指代the number，如果是指代the number的话，是累赘的，所以that并不指向任何成分；the increase in previous year是指previous year的增长(这个逻辑doesn’t make sense)，而不是在previous year增长，应该用the increase of the previous year。
                                c. double应该改为doubling，这样划线成分才能修饰前面整个分句，double as much as是同位语修饰词(appositive modifier)，要紧接其修饰的内容，在此句子中逗号前不是一个figure，所以不能用double as many as这个结构；即便as much as能成功修饰number也不对，数量应该用great来修饰
                                d. Many用法错误，因为the increase不是一个countable quantity(这里the increase可以看做是一个代词，而它所指代的对象就是前面出现过的内容：the number of the people，而the number of the people是一个表达数量的数字而不是可数名词，所以the increase也不能够用many来修饰)；twice as many as是同位语修饰词(appositive modifier)，要紧接其修饰的内容，在此句子中逗号前不是一个figure，所以不能用twice as many as这个结构，awkward。(见下面知识点补充1)；the increase in previous year错误。
                                e. Many用法错误，因为the increase不是一个countable quantity(from Manhattan)；twice as many as结构使用错误同上。
4. 比较结构中的代词
        1) 核心词指代【同类指代】：that/those，不带名词的修饰成分，后面通常会加上一 些“定语"，表明与than左边的名词不同
                ○ E.g. Gas prices in 2002 were higher than those in 1992.【划线部分的those仅仅指代gas price并不指代gas prices in 2002；those的后面有in 1992，将其与than左边的gas price in 2002区分开】
                ○ 【OG13-SC09】In 1979 lack of rain reduced India's rice production to about 41 million tons, nearly 25 percent less than those of the 1978 harvest.
                        A. less than those of the 1978 harvest【those指代单复数不对，代指的应该是production的单数】
                        B. less than the 1978 harvest
                        C. less than 1978
                        D. fewer than 1978
                        E. fewer than that of India's 1978 harvest【that代指的production和harvest语义重复】
                        · 根据解题原则，首先找than右边部分，发现是those……harvest，所以根据上下文意思指代对象应该是前面部分的rice production【India's 1979 production of 41 million tons of rice is compared to the production of the previous year】但本题的难点在于The grammatical means of comparison have to express correctly this relationship between the two harvests. It helps if you think of 41 million tons of rice as the collective equivalent of the 1979 harvest.因此使用those【 those refers to the tons of the 1978 harvest.】 或者that在这里实际上是redundant的做法
        2) 同物指代：it/they：指代的名词要加上定语
                ○ Gas Prices in 2002 were higher than they had been in 1992.【这是一个错误的部分，因为they指代Gas prices in 2002,而gas prices in2002是不可能在1992年的。通常用it/they都是自己和自己比，要么是时间要么是空间不同】
5. Omitted words
        1. 省略比较结构的解题技巧：
                a. 找到标志词【一般是than】右边的元素： I eat more apples than bananas.【右边是bananas】
                b. 根据句子意思或者上下文判断元素是否可以比较
                c. 试着在标志词【比如than】左边找到与右边元素在语法上对称的元素。如果能找到，则该句话正确；否则，该句话不好【语法上不完全对称只能说是结构不理想但不一定是完全错误的。如果没有更好的选项这种表达可以接受】
        2. 省略和省略部分的还原：
                a. E.g【所有格或者所有物单复数都可以，逻辑合理即可】 My car is bigger than Brian’s./My toes are longer than Brian’s.
                b. E.g. 【所有格还原】Americans have a difficult time understanding the inability to improve one's status under a feudal society, but feudalism's hierarchal system is much more rigid than that of a democracy.【比较对象是feudalism's system 和 democracy's system所以此处需要补充的是that of】
                c. E.g. 【状语还原】 Shipwrecks are more likely to be found undisturbed at great depths than in shallows coastal waters, where archaeological remains are exposed to turbulence and are accessible to anymore in scuba gear, whether archaeologists, treasure hunters, or sport divers.【比较的对象是在浅水区还是在深水区，所以要在前面加上介词in】
                d. E.g.【状语还原，OG13/SC139】In no other historical sighting did Halley's Comet cause such a worldwide sensation as did its return in 1910-1911.
                        A.  did its return in 1910-1911 【比较对象是comet和its return；did暗示了前方的动词是cause，基于动词一直实际对比就是两个名词】
                        B.  had its 1910-1911 return 【比较对象是 comet和had its return】
                        C.  in its return of 1910-1911
                        D.  its return of 1910-1911 did 【比较对象同A但是问题在于助动词离核心名词太远，参见Obama那个例句】
                        E.  its return in 1910-1911【比较对象是In no other开始的介词短语和its return】
                                · 本题没有出现明显的比较标志词，根据语义以及倒装结构的还原可以判断出比较的是时间状语： Halley's Comet caused such a worldwide sensation in no other historical sighting as in its return of 1910-1911.
        3. 省略宾语、谓语甚至整个从句：只要意思合理即可
                a. whereas(但是，而)I drink 2 quarts of milk a day, my friend drinks 3(quarts)
                b. I walk faster than Brian(walks).
                c. I walk as fast now as(I walked) when I was younger.
                d. Than结构右边不出的助动词/be动词经常和名词倒装，这个现象出现在名词定语过长导致助动词/be动词和核心名词距离过远的情况
                        · E.g. James eats more apples than does Obama, the president of USA.【实际应该是Obama, the president of USA, does】
        4. 保持省略后逻辑的合理性，注意根据未划线部分的提示词来推断
                · 【OG11-SC106】Inuits of the Bering Sea were in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than Aleuts or Inuits of the North Pacific and northern Alaska.【句意想说的是Inuit人比A人或者在NP还有NA这两个地方的Inuit人同欧洲人隔绝联系的时间更长】
                (A) in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than【对比对象不合理：I人隔绝时间比A人和另外两个地方的人，另外in isolation不是idiom】
                (B) isolated from contact with Europeans longer than【同A问题】
                (C) in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than were
                (D) isolated from contact with Europeans longer than were
                (E) in isolation and without contacts with Europeans longer than【同A问题】
                · 【Prep07-SC】Employment costs rose 2.8 percent in the 12 months that ended in September, less than they did in the year that ended in the previous quarter.【they是同物指代表示都是employment costs，而且注意costs对应的单词复数形式；rose对应did】
        5. More than 结构：核心考点就是具有比较关系的两者需要在逻辑上和结构上保持对等，即使在省略之后
                a. People in China are taller than people in Japan
                b. People in China are taller than in Japan【省略people，但是逻辑合理】
                c. People in China are taller than Japan【比较对象是people和Japan，不对等】
6. 几个比较考点中容易出现的词汇
        1. Compared with B, A……& Compared to B, A……【with是同类比较，A和B得是一类东西；to是异类比较，翻译成把A比作B】
        2. Except A, B……【A和B是同类】& Except for A, B……【A和B不是同类】
                · e.g Except for his bad temper, Mr. Smith is a good man.

zixu199441

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TMK

谢谢楼主！

ABCDQ

总结的很赞！！

波芭比2020

总结很赞?

binnpingg123

单复数的很赞?

MidoriXIN

特别有用，很感谢

Goodluck1108

感谢分享！