刚复习完一轮，有好多题不是很明白啊，跪求高手解答

tbuslf

313.    Found throughout Central and South America, sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs and sleep fifteen hours a day, moving infrequently enough that two species of algae grow on its coat and between its toes.
(A) sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs and sleep fifteen hours a day, moving infrequently enough
(B) sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs, they sleep fifteen hours a day, and with such infrequent movements
(C) sloths use their long rubbery limbs to hang from trees, sleep fifteen hours a day, and move so infrequently
(D) the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs, sleeping fifteen hours a day and moving so infrequently
(E) the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs, sleeps fifteen hours a day, and it moves infrequently enough
答案是d，为什么c不对呢？
83.    Although it claims to delve into political issues, television can be superficial such as when each of the three major networks broadcast exactly the same statement from a political candidate.
(A) superficial such as when each of the three major networks
(B) superficial, as can sometimes occur if all of the three major networks
(C) superficial if the three major networks all
(D) superficial whenever each of the three major networks
(E) superficial, as when the three major networks each
答案是e，不是很明白，each后面不是动词单数吗？
537.    Not all employment selection mechanisms that have a “disparate effect,” that is, that screens out a percentage of minorities or women disproportionate to their presence in the relevant labor market, are unlawful.
(A) that is, that screens out a percentage of minorities or women disproportionate to
(B) which means, that screens out a percentage of minorities or women disproportionate with
(C) which means, that screen out a percentage of minorities or women disproportionate with
(D) that is, that screen out a percentage of minorities or women disproportionate to
(E) that is, that screens out a percentage of minorities or women disproportionate with
答案是d，完全不明白结构啊

433.    Intended primarily to stimulate family summer travel, the new airfare, which allows both an adult and a child to fly for the price of one ticket, and also shortens the advance-purchase requirement for family travel to a minimum of seven days rather than fourteen.
(A) and also shortens the advance-purchase requirement for family travel to a minimum of seven days rather than
(B) and also lessens the advance-purchase requirement for family travel to a seven-day minimum from
(C) also shortens the advance-purchase requirement for family travel to a minimum of seven days rather than that of
(D) also lessens the advance-purchase requirement for family travel to a seven-day minimum from
(E) also shortens the advance-purchase requirement for family travel to a minimum of seven days rather than
答案是e，不知c为何不对

247.    Distinguished architecture requires the expenditure of large sums of money, even if it is by no means certain that the expenditure of large sums of money produce distinguished architecture.
(A) even if it is by no means certain that the expenditure of large sums of money produce
(B) even if it is by no means certain that the expenditure of large sums of money will produce
(C) even though there is no certainty that the expenditure of money in large sums produces
(D) even though it is by no means certain that the expenditure of large sums of money produces
(E) though there is no certainty as to the expenditure of money in large sums producing
答案是d，为何b不对呢？
606.    Research during the past several decades on the nature of language and the processes that produce and make it understandable has revealed great complexity instead of underlying simplicity.
(A) that produce and make it understandable has revealed great complexity instead of underlying simplicity
(B) of producing and understanding it have revealed not underlying simplicity but great complexity
(C) by which it is produced and understood has revealed not underlying simplicity but great complexity
(D) by which it is produced and understood have revealed great complexity rather than underlying simplicity
(E) by which one produces and understands it have revealed great complexity instead of underlying simplicity
答案是a，为什么c不对

985.    Those who have visited the Grand Canyon have typically seen layers of sediment in the gaping canyon, with different colors that mark the passage of time like the rings in a tree trunk.
(A) seen layers of sediment in the gaping canyon, with different colors that mark
(B) see layers of sediment in the gaping canyon, whose different colors mark
(C) been seeing layers of sediment in the gaping canyon, whose different colors are markers of
(D) been able to see layers of sediment in the gaping canyon, with different colors marking
(E) seen layers of sediment in the gaping canyon, marking by different colors
答案是d，为什么a不对

947.    Young female ballet dancers and gymnasts sometimes fail to maintain good eating habits caused by the desire to be as thin as possible.
(A) Young female ballet dancers and gymnasts sometimes fail to maintain good eating habits caused by the desire to be as thin as possible.
(B) Good eating habits sometimes fail to be maintained by young female ballet dancers and gymnasts caused by desiring to be as thin as possible.
(C) Because they desire to be as thin as possible, good eating habits are sometimes not maintained by young female ballet dancers and gymnasts.
(D) Because they desire to be as thin as possible, young female ballet dancers and gymnasts sometimes fail to maintain good eating habits.
(E) Young female ballet dancers and gymnasts sometimes fail to maintain good eating habits because they desire to be as thin as possible.
答案是d，e为什么错了呢？


跪求高手指点啊，大谢先

egoislwlv

2011 10 28,  14:48 更新： minimum的部分现在回过头来一看，大错特错了，大家当笑料看吧，
 关于排除D选项的原因，我还是很有自信的。

我找到了关于433的一个专帖，于是黏贴了一份回复过去。
希望大家对于我在回复中重点解释的minimum用法多提意见!
欢迎各种邮件和QQ （地址在签名档）

继续盖楼...

第四题 433 机票预购
433 Intended primarily to stimulate family summer travel, the new airfare, which allows both an adult and a child to fly for the price of one ticket, and also shortens the advance-purchase requirement for family travel to a minimum of seven days rather than fourteen.
(A) and also shortens the advance-purchase requirement for family travel to a minimum of seven days rather than
(B) and also lessens the advance-purchase requirement for family travel to a seven-day minimum from
(C) also shortens the advance-purchase requirement for family travel to a minimum of seven days rather than that of
(D) also lessens the advance-purchase requirement for family travel to a seven-day minimum from
(E) also shortens the advance-purchase requirement for family travel to a minimum of seven days rather than

分析句子结构：（我们从C D & E三项，没有and的结构入手）
the new airfare (主语), which allows ..., also shortens (谓语) requirement （宾语）to ...

首先来分析A B 两项。

如果有and，and后紧跟谓语动词，我们判断and是在连接两个谓语动词。于是对于句子结构，有两种解读。
case 1：and 连接了动词 allow 和 shorten,则shorten成为定语从句  ‘which... ’的谓语，则主句缺少谓语动词。排除case 1.
case 2：为了避免主句缺乏谓语的情况出现，我们只能认为shorten是主句谓语，从而and连接两个主句谓语，但是在shorten前没有一个并列的主句谓语。排除case2.

所以A B两项的and在这里不合法。排除 A B

分析C D E三项。

语法点在于minimum的使用。

首先我们来分析两个例子：（来自韦氏学习字典（在线版）的minimum词条）

#1 Ten years is the minimum needed.
#2 She will serve a minimum of 10 years in jail。

我们发现一个问题，同样是 minimum + 限定词，为什么一个用定冠词'the', 一个用不定冠词'a'?

我们分析一下语义:
the minimum needed：所必需的最小值。
同理：那么我们能不能说 ‘a minimum of 10 years’ 意思是：‘十年的最小值’呢？
听上去很蹩脚。原因是其语义发生了变化。
‘a minimum of 10 years’ 所要表达是：‘10年，作为一个最小值’的意思，而不是；‘十年中的最小值’。
如果我们认为 '10 years' 就是在修饰 'minimum'，强调minimum是中心词的话。那么我们所表达的意思就成了：
她要在监狱服刑。服刑期限是一个最少期限的。多久呢？十年。意味着她只服刑10年。

再比如例子：
The restuarant requires a minimum of 30 dollars for each dinner.
如果我们认为 ‘minimum’被 ‘30 dollars’ 修饰作为宾语结构的中心词的话，句子意思变成是
饭店要求每位顾客都必须进行最低消费，不能超过或低于30刀。

所以我们可以得出结论：
a minimum of 10 years = 10 years, at a/the minimum。
a minimum of 30 dollars = 30 dollars, at a/the minimum。
a minimum of 7 days = 7 days, at a/the minimum。

我们再来看一个例子：（from the War and Peace）
With a minimum of effort and insignificant losses, despite the greatest confusion, the most important results of the whole campaign were attained: the transition from
retreat to advance, an exposure of the weakness of the French, and the administration of that shock which Napoleon's army had only awaited to begin its flight.
我们发现，介词with跟随了 a minimum of effort 和 insignificant losses。这里指的是最少的努力effort 和最少的损失  'a minimum of' 在限定 'effort & losses'。而不是 'effort & losses' 限定 'a minimum'

a minimum of 限定名词的方式类似于：
#3 A number of students are coming to the conference.
#4 A great deal of students are coming to the conference.
这里我们不会把 'a numeber','a great deal'视为句子主语，而是把'student' 视为句子主语，所以谓语动词使用复数形式。

回到原题，'a minimum of 7 days' 中 'a minimum of' 限定 '7 days'。而不是 '7 days' 限定 'a minimum'。

所以句子

回到C，E项：我们发现，这里所比较的还是 '7days' 和 '14days'。不是 'minimum of...'
所以rather than that of four days的错误在于：误认为 '7 days' 和 '14 days' 在限定 'minimum' 。从而误认为我们也可以用that of 14days来作为minimum of 14days的省略。
其错误如同使用 'that of students' 来作为 'a number of students' 的省略一样。

所以排除C

看D项中的a 7-day minimum，day 在这里使用了单数，明确了7-day 是一个形容词，在这里修饰 minimum。
于是 'lessen the requiremet to... from...' 中的‘to’ 的宾语是 minimum。
我们先假定句子的语义是没有问题的。
我们发现，'lessen ...to ... from ...'  表示 '把 ... 从... 减少到 ... '
‘from .... to... 连接两个并列的结构，但是把D项带入主句中之后，我们发现, from ... to...连接的是 'a 7-day minimum' 和' fourteen'
我们只能认为'fourteen' 是一个省略结构，但是上文中与之对应的seven却不是一个完整的单词，它是seven-day这个单词的一个表意成分。
所以fourteen无法还原成fourteen-day minimum, 所以排除D项。

选择E

egoislwlv

我找到其他同学专门为这道题开的贴，就又粘贴了一份过去

第三题 537 招聘与歧视
537.    Not all employment selection mechanisms that have a “disparate effect,” that is, that screens out a percentage of minorities or women disproportionate to

their presence in the relevant labor market, are unlawful.
(A) that is, that screens out a percentage of minorities or women disproportionate to
(B) which means, that screens out a percentage of minorities or women disproportionate with
(C) which means, that screen out a percentage of minorities or women disproportionate with
(D) that is, that screen out a percentage of minorities or women disproportionate to
(E) that is, that screens out a percentage of minorities or women disproportionate with

分析句义：（只是大意，句子结构尚未确定）
有的聘用机制可能会包含种族或者性别歧视。但是有的聘用机制虽然会产生 '差异效果’，但是其本身并不包含歧视，所以不违法。这种 ‘差异效果’ 是什么意思呢？说的是招聘在结果中，聘用少数裔/女性的比例，在该领域人才市场中的少数裔/女性求职者所占比例不相符，不匹配。

比如本来在某个领域，在所有求职者中，40%是女性，但是最后被录用的只有10%是女性。这种比例失调 就是一种‘差异效果'，看上去貌似用人单位在故意歧视女性。但是作者认为：有的聘用机制即使产生了这种差异效果，不一定就意味着用人单位有歧视的主观故意，所以不一定是违法的。


下面我们来分析句子结构：
主句部分：
Not all employment selection mechanisms (主语) are (谓语) unlawful （表语）.

从句部分： （根据选项，有两种）

一。使用 that is: （A D E 三项）

mechanisms that have..., that is, that screens out..., are unlawful。
其中，主语是一个复杂的名词性结构
mechanisms (先行词) that have... (定语从句),that is (插入语), that screens...(定语从句)

这里有两个并列的定语从句来修饰限定mechanism :
从句1 that have a 'disparate effect'
聘用机制产生了‘差异效果’
从句2 that screens out a percentage of minorities or women disproportionate to their presence in the relevant labor market.
聘用机制筛选出的一定数量的少数裔/女性，他们占被录用人的总数一定比例；该比例与在这个领域劳动力市场上少数裔/女性占应聘者总数的比例不符合，不匹配。

中间的插入成分 'that is'，表示这个两个从句是并列的关系，而且后一个从句对前一个从句进行解释说明。
而that is做插入语，意思只能是：‘换言之‘
不能被理解为that引到了一个定语从句 'that is that...'，
原因是that is 前有逗号，假如是定语从句，那么属于非限定性定语从句，先行词必须用which.
that is中的 that 在这里指称 上一个从句的内容
that is = that is to say，作插入语连接两个句子的时候，两个that都指代上一个句子，意思是‘换言之’

假设其语法正确，从语义角度分析，我们可以确定 从句2中 'that screen out'中的'that' 指称的是上文中machenism,
（只有这个名词结构可以作为定语从句先行词，另外一个名词effect在语义层面是与screen out没有逻辑关系，故不能理解为先行词）
依据主谓一致原则，我们可以确定screen out 应该使用复数形式。

排除 A E两项。保留D

二。使用 which means. （B C两项）    

主句结构：
...mechanisms that have..., which means, that ..., are unlawful.

我们先假设which means 这个用法是语法正确的。
which means，不是插入语，而是引起定语从句。
因为which本身是疑问代词，不是指示代词，无法指代上一个从句的整个内容。
所以：which 在句中只能是关系代词，来指代上文中的一个名词。
所以：后面的从句 'that screen out...' 不是修饰mechanism的定语从句 而是作which means 的宾语的宾语从句。
'which means, that screen out...'整体组成一个定语从句。来修饰 前面的某个名词（结构）。

现在我们来分析: which means, that screen out中 that 的指称情况

根据文义，that screen out...中的that指的是 mechanisms,
但是注意：这个从句不是修饰mechanism的定语从句，而是修饰effect的定语从句。 而是在修饰effect的定语从句中作宾语的的宾语从句。
所以我们不能使用that（单数） 来指称前文中的mechanism（复数名词），如果要用代词，应该使用those（复数）

我们经过假定which means 的用法正确得出了矛盾，所以假设不成立
所以which means结构在此处不合法。


排除 B C 两项。
选择 D。

语法补遗：
that 和 those 均可以引导定语从句，只不过后者只能指称人，前者可以指称人和物。

stingunsw

...eating habits because they desire to be as thin as possible ——  because 前面是 habits，容易产生歧义—they到底指的是什么？ （在不去理会habits意思的情况下）

egoislwlv

第二题：83 电视与政治

这篇回复我也黏贴到了另外一个同学所开的贴下面。
我觉得这到底不用过多的纠结于B C E 三项语法结构问题，而应该琢磨一下其语义差别。

83.    Although it claims to delve into political issues, television can be superficial such as when each of the three major networks broadcast exactly the same statement from a political candidate.
(A) superficial such as when each of the three major networks
(B) superficial, as can sometimes occur if all of the three major networks
(C) superficial if the three major networks all
(D) superficial whenever each of the three major networks
(E) superficial, as when the three major networks each

分析句义：尽管电视媒体声称会深入钻研政治问题，但是有的时候，它会变得肤浅；什么时候呢？当他们都广播同一种statement(陈述，声明，立场)的时候，这个statement是来自同一个政治候选人的。

这里的考点跨语法和语义两个层面。

首先语法层面：
each of + 名词 作主语的时候，谓语动词应该使用单数形式。
复数名词 + each 作主语的时候，谓语动词使用复数形式。
第一种情况容易理解，因为是 ‘每一个...’作主语。
第二种情况，必须用谓语复数形式，是因为：主语仍然是那个复数名词，each在这里充当状语，意思是‘各自地，分别地’ ，each本身不是主语。

所以依据语法规则我们排除 A D 两项。

再看 B C E三项，句式有些复杂，我推荐先从语义方面入手：

在B C两项中，使用了all, 表示三大电视网都播出了候选人的声明。
但是这里产生了歧义：
含义1： 三大电视网都播出了候选人的声明，这个声明是由那个候选人自己的竞选班底录制的。然后竞选班底把录像给了三大电视网，三大电视网再把这个录像播了出去。（这个statement是候选人做出的）
含义2：三大电视网都做了关于某个问题的报道，但是被广播出来的三大电视网对于该事件的陈述和看法，都是相同的，都源于同一个政治候选人。（这个statement是三大电视网做出的，其源头是候选人）

按照句子的意思，作者想要表达的应该是含义2.

但是如果使用each，会不会也造成这两种歧义呢？因为起码语法层面没有问题。
我觉得会造成一定的歧义，但是很大程度上被排除了。
怎么被排出的呢？我们可以从E项中发现一个对比关系。
E项使用了each 和exact the same 做对比，表示尽管是各自地，分别地广播，但是所播出的却是相同的陈述和立场，从而明确了这里的statement立场表述，是电视网的立场或表述，他们将他们的立场或表述各自广播了出去，但是这个statement是相同的，而且源于同一个候选人。
而作者认为，当这种情况出现的时候，电视媒体是非常肤浅的。

假如说statement from the same political candidate指的是候选人的声明，立场，那么，each, exact the same 就失去了使用的必要，因为没有产生对比。
也就是说each 和 exact the same 产生了一种 ‘强大的气场’ （这个词不太靠谱，但是我只能想到这个词来描述这种情况了）使得我们可以明确知道statement到底是电视网的，而不是选举人的。

从而排除使用all 的 B　Ｃ两项。

选择Ｅ

*********************
举两个例子说明all / each的区别：

句1： We all went to the summer palace last week.
我们上周都去了颐和园
句2： We each went to the summer palace last week.
我们上周各自去了颐和园。

句1 没有说明到底 是一起去的，还是分别去的。

egoislwlv

2011.10.27.  19：26 更新：
发现自己书面表达能力真是欠缺呵，写的解释越来越长。
如果您看了我的解释，还是不明白我说了啥，可以QQ加我，我语音给您讲！豁出去了！QQ在我的签名档有。


今天早上看您的帖子，导致我城铁坐过站了额~~
而且是坐过两站！有木有！

第一题 313 树懒有多懒

313.    Found throughout Central and South America, sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs and sleep fifteen hours a day, moving infrequently enough that two species of algae grow on its coat and between its toes.
(A) sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs and sleep fifteen hours a day, moving infrequently enough
(B) sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs, they sleep fifteen hours a day, and with such infrequent movements
(C) sloths use their long rubbery limbs to hang from trees, sleep fifteen hours a day, and move so infrequently
(D) the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs, sleeping fifteen hours a day and moving so infrequently
(E) the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs, sleeps fifteen hours a day, and it moves infrequently enough

分析句义：
这里描述了在中美南美的树懒的生物习性。它们总是通过有弹力的腿把自己悬挂在树上，每天睡15个小时；它们几乎一动不动, 以至于在它们的皮毛上和脚趾间生出了有两种藻类。

此题的考点是 hang 悬挂 和 sleep 睡觉 之间的关系。

首先看 A B C E 四项。
这四项有个共同的特点：那就是 hang 和 sleep 是并列关系。
意味着这里描述了树懒两个平行的习性：把自己挂在树上，每天睡15个小时。
但是这里产生了歧义：
含义1：树懒每天挂在树上，在睡觉的时候树懒也挂是在树上的。
含义2：树懒每天不睡觉的时候挂在树上，然后去别的地方睡觉，一睡就是15个小时。

含义2 不能被排除，因为hang 和 sleep并列作谓语，两个动作可能没有任何关系，它们只是平行的两个生活习性。
所以从 hang..., and sleep... 的结构中，我们无法明确知道树懒在睡觉的时候是否在挂在树上。
但是从后文中的’生出藻类‘这一事实，我们推断出，树懒睡觉的时候也应该还是挂在树上的，所以含义2违背了作者意图。

所以一口气排除A B C E四项。

在来分析D项，谓语是hang 悬挂，sleeping 15 hours a day 作状语表示是伴随。
表达的意思是：树懒每天都挂在树上，睡觉的时候也是，每天一睡觉就是15个小时。只有这个意思才能和后文’生出藻类‘的所暗示的树懒的’懒‘相对应。

选择D

至于说,move 和 hang 的关系。
我个人认为，既可以并列，也可以使用moving表示伴随；但是表示伴随更好一点，（但是要依照事实而定）

如果是hang 和 move 并列，那么指的是树懒总是挂在树上，几乎不从到处移动一下。
这种移动有两层含义：
含义1 挂在树上的时候同时微微地移动，但还是挂在树上的；
含义2 移动的时候，离开树，或者不再悬挂着。
这两个意思我觉得都可以。
比如说树懒在树上挂了一个月一动不动，其中只有一次离开树去喝水之类的，迅速完成之后，又回原地挂着。这样的话，貌似它身上也可以生藻类。
如果要突出强调树懒就算是挂在树上，也是几乎不动的话，那就应使用moving表示伴随。
究竟应该使用move还是moving, 要据事实来确定。