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非牛,正好收集了Ron关于having done的用法解释,同理可推having been done, 供lz参考
Ron: SHORT STORY
If you see “noun (no comma) having _ed”…
…don’t pick it
LONG STORY
“who/that ___” implies permanent or habitual action
“having _ed” implies temporary and can/will change
So, here's the thing: once you have done something... well, that's true forever.
e.g., if you have seen a certain movie, or if you have smoked cigarettes, or if you have done just about anything... then you never STOP being "someone who has seen the movie", or "someone who has smoked cigarettes", etc.
These descriptions remain true in perpetuity. Forever and ever and ever amen.
So, I can't think of a situation in which "having __ed" (without a comma) makes much sense, since that would imply that "having __ed" is a temporary state.
NOTE: this DOES NOT apply to "having __ed" after a COMMA, since such a thing could quite well describe the action of the preceding sentence.
也就是说(no comma) having done从语意的角度指向一种永久的状态,比如having graduated from a certain school,一旦graduate这就是一种permanent的状态,但having done从结构的角度却指向一张暂时的状态,这两者是矛盾的。同理可推(no comma) having been done.
但(comma) having done就是comma+verb_ing的一种形式,与上面属于不同情况。
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