having been done这种形式在GMAT到底算不算错？

Shuriiiii

我之前看prep08上面说在GMAT里面having been done是错误的用法。
但是今天看曼哈顿看到一道题：Having been shown into the office, Julia waited for the dentist to arrive.
解析说这个句子是对的。

然后我满脸黑人问号

Shuriiiii

求大神解答！！！！！！！！

tracy巨巨

同求

danyuchn

為什麼是錯？having been done 就是完成式分詞having + Vpp的被動形式。沒有任何必錯的理由。

這裡有一個官方題目的正確句子：

Some patients who do not respond to therapies for depression may simply have received inadequate treatment, having, for example, been prescribed a drug at a dosage too low to be effective or having been taken off a drug too soon.

很明顯的可以看到having been + Vpp 是可以使用的。

至於having+Vpp到底要怎麼判斷呢？having+Vpp要被視為是「完成式」。注意，不是「已經」，也不是「現在完成」或「過去完成」，他就是完成式。看到having的時候，要去跟主句的動作進行時序邏輯判斷。若是主句使用進行式或簡單式，則having作為完成式，在語義上會是先發生。若主句使用完成式，則having在語義上會是同時發生。若發現時序跟語意有明顯矛盾，則視為「語意不合理」優先刪去該選項。
舉例：

38. The first trenches that were cut into a 500-acre site at TellHamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence for centrally administeredcomplex societies in northern regions of the Middle East that were arisingsimultaneously with but independently of the more celebrated city-states ofsouthern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq.

(C) having been cutinto a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence thatcentrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle Eastwere arising simultaneously but

(E) cut into a 500-acre site atTell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence that centrally administeredcomplex societies in northern regions of the Middle East arose simultaneouslywith but

不能用。跟限定/非限定修飾無關，而是這裡使用having，跟主句的have yielded完成式屬於同一時間。但語意很明顯是先被cut再顯示證據。

39. An international team of astronomers working at telescopes in the CanaryIslands and Spain has detected at least 18 huge gas spheres estimated to have 5to 15 times the mass of Jupiter, the solar system's largest planet.

(A) astronomers working attelescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain has detected at least 18 huge gasspheres estimated to have 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter

(C) astronomers is working attelescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain, having detected at least18 huge gas spheres that are estimated at 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter

不能用。主句用進行式，所以having作為完成式會更先發生，但跟語義矛盾，理應是先工作再有成果，這邊卻變成先有成果才有工作。

41. Some patients who do notrespond to therapies for depression may simply have received inadequatetreatment, having, for example, been prescribeda drug at a dosage too low to be effective or having been taken off a drugtoo soon.

(A) having, for example,been prescribed a drug at a dosage too low to be effective or having been

(D) when they have, forexample, been prescribed too low a drug dosage to be effective, or were

可以用。主句用完成式may have received，這裡用having完成式表同一時間，做句尾分詞修飾語的「對前句作闡述細節補充」之用（for example也暗示了這一點：是在對前面做細節說明）。因為是細節舉例，所以用同一時間當然沒問題。

簡單來說，這個用法是語意問題，不是必對必錯的慣用語問題。在網路上有許多資料把SC的語意知識點誤以為是Grammar/Idiom，我在自修準備時也被騙過。要多注意啊。

Dustin

Shuriiiii

danyuchn 发表于 2018-3-7 12:34
為什麼是錯？having been done 就是完成式分詞having + Vpp的被動形式。沒有任何必錯的理由。

這裡有一個 ...

谢谢大神耐心的回复~我会好好思考的~

danyuchn

Shuriiiii 发表于 2018-3-15 16:49
谢谢大神耐心的回复~我会好好思考的~

不是大神。。。一起進步～

Jinnjenny23

非牛，正好收集了Ron关于having done的用法解释，同理可推having been done, 供lz参考

Ron: SHORT STORY
If you see “noun (no comma) having _ed”…
…don’t pick it

LONG STORY
“who/that ___” implies permanent or habitual action
“having _ed” implies temporary and can/will change

So, here's the thing: once you have done something... well, that's true forever.
e.g., if you have seen a certain movie, or if you have smoked cigarettes, or if you have done just about anything... then you never STOP being "someone who has seen the movie", or "someone who has smoked cigarettes", etc.
These descriptions remain true in perpetuity. Forever and ever and ever amen.

So, I can't think of a situation in which "having __ed" (without a comma) makes much sense, since that would imply that "having __ed" is a temporary state.

NOTE: this DOES NOT apply to "having __ed" after a COMMA, since such a thing could quite well describe the action of the preceding sentence.
也就是说(no comma) having done从语意的角度指向一种永久的状态，比如having graduated from a certain school，一旦graduate这就是一种permanent的状态，但having done从结构的角度却指向一张暂时的状态，这两者是矛盾的。同理可推(no comma) having been done.

但(comma) having done就是comma+verb_ing的一种形式，与上面属于不同情况。

Shuriiiii

Jinnjenny23 发表于 2018-3-17 00:01
非牛，正好收集了Ron关于having done的用法解释，同理可推having been done, 供lz参考

Ron: SHORT STORY

感谢感谢~！！

Shuriiiii

danyuchn 发表于 2018-3-7 12:34
為什麼是錯？having been done 就是完成式分詞having + Vpp的被動形式。沒有任何必錯的理由。

這裡有一個 ...

刚刚把你的讲解仔细看了一遍，完全懂了，无比感谢！！我在网上搜到的语法笔记上看到了这个，不是很懂，求解答：

A) having done和having been done都不是动名词结构，因此不能充当名词成分！                     
所以SC中，如果这两个结构做主语、宾语等，必错！

B) having done和having been done做后置定语，必错！
having done做后置定语，一般都要改成相应的定语从句
having been done做后置定语，一般都要改成相应的done做过去分词，或者改成定语从句

A里面的做主语，宾语不能用having been done，这个的话，虽然举不出例子但是大概理解。B里面的后置定语是啥意思？

danyuchn

Shuriiiii 发表于 2018-3-18 09:37
刚刚把你的讲解仔细看了一遍，完全懂了，无比感谢！！我在网上搜到的语法笔记上看到了这个，不是很懂，求 ...

我也不能理解。這兩條哪來的規則...

我當初在準備的時候語法筆記的確給我很大幫助。但是後來發現語法筆記很大的局限性，就是把太多語意才能判斷的東西當成必對必錯的規則。你想，商學院的考試怎麼會弄得像是背誦大賽一樣呢？

Dustin