- UID
- 37572
- 在线时间
- 小时
- 注册时间
- 2004-6-1
- 最后登录
- 1970-1-1
- 主题
- 帖子
- 性别
- 保密
|
7宗罪外的几宗小罪
7宗罪其实还可以细分一下，这样也就可以多点废话，另外，我自己在研究作文和范文的时候,发现还有3宗罪可以单列出来批斗的
请大家参考着看，大部分摘自7宗罪,其余的是我自己参考其他NN的观点稍微扩展了一下,请大家批判的看看
（无因果关系）the arguer commits a logical fallacy of casual oversimplification. The fact that A coincides with B does not necessarily prove that A is responsible for. In fact, the author has obviously neglected the possibility of other alternative facts such as…or …may be also the cause of B, in other words, there is highly possible that factors other than A would contribute more to B. without considering and ruling out all other alternative explanations, the arguer could not confidently draw on the conclusion that….
(Gratuitous assumption) The author falsely depends on gratuitous assumption that.... However, this assumption is questionable because no evidence is stated in the argument to support it. The arguer fails to take into account other facts that might contribute to the result that... It is likely that…; it is also likely that… Any of these scenarios, if true, would show that… Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility (和第一个有点儿象)
(Insufficient-sample, 单个不能说明整体) In the second place, the evidence the arguer provides is insufficient to support the conclusion based on it. According to a specific example of…., it is logically unsounded to establish a general conclusion, unless it can be shown that A1 can represent all of A. In fact, facing such limited evidence, the conclusion that…is completely unwarranted.
(消息的来源,是否可靠) This news is not dependable, which can not be deemed a valid factor to support this argument
(过去不能推出未来) The author commits the fallacy of “all things are equal”, he assumes without justification that background conditions have remained the same at different times / conditions. The data from only a few of years are not necessarily a good indicator of future trend/ the factor happened two years ago is not a sound evidence to draw a conclusion that….Moreover, it is not clear in this argument whether the current conditions at A are the same as they used to be two years ago. It is very likely that… and if it is true, would seriously undermine the claim that…
（整体不能适合单个）The arguer assumes that the characteristics of a group can properly apply to every member of that group. However, there is no guarantee that this is the case, nor does the author provide any evidence to substantiate this assumption. It is very likely that… Lacking such evidence the author cannot draw any firm conclusion.
(Based on a false analogy) In the fourth place, the argument has also committed a false analogy fallacy. The argument is based on the assumption that A is analogous to B in all respects, and the author assumes without justification that all things are equal, and that the background conditions have remained the same at different times or at different locations. There is, however, no guarantee that this is the case. Nor does the author cite any evidence to support this assumption. Lacking this assumption, the conclusion that … is entirely unfounded. It is true that both A and B are….but differences between A and B clearly out weight the similarities, thus making the analogy highly less than valid. So, it is highly doubtful that the facts drawn from B are applicable to A. For example, A..., however, B.... Thus, it is likely much more difficult for B to do....
(Either-or choice) The author assumes that AA and BB are mutually exclusive alternatives and there is no opportunity for a middle ground. However, the author provides no reason for imposing an either-or choice. Common sense tells us that adjoining both AA and BB might produce better results.
(Survey is doubtful) The author provides no assurances that the survey on which the argument depends is statistically reliable. The data cited by the author is too vague to be informative. The claim does not indicate who conducted the poll, who responded, or when, where and how the poll was conducted. Lacking information about the number of people surveyed and the number of respondents, it is impossible to access the validity of the results. (For instance, if 200 persons were surveyed but only 2 responded, the conclusion that...would be highly suspect.) Another problem is about the representative of the respondents. Do the respondents represent all of the…? Are …choose for the survey chosen randomly or were they volunteer for this survey. Unless these questions are answered, the results of the survey are worthless as evidence for the conclusion.
Argument 第8宗罪：措施不达目的 The argument simply describe how ...should operate. This alone does not constitute a logical reasoning to advocate that... will be more profitable than before and it certainly does not provide support or proof of the main argument.
第九宗罪，数字和比例。First of all, the argument ignores the absolute amount of ..of A and B devoted to ...products and services./ omits the assumption that the business volumes of both the A and B are the same.
这个罪,就是比方说在某个商店里买A的percentage比买B的percentage低,所以应该多指定关于B的strategy,反驳: 比例高，不见得他们的absolute amount就高
第十宗罪,自我矛盾 the argument is self-contradictory. If it were true, as stated by the arguer, that…
 |
|
京公网安备11010202008513号 京ICP证101109号 京ICP备12012021号
发表于 2004-9-26 07:15:00
Thank you for your sharing!!
