快考试了，问两道逻辑题，谢谢！

1.The proposal to extend clinical trials, which are routinely used as systematic tests of pharmaceutical innovations, to new surgical procedures should not be implemented. The point is that surgical procedures differ in one important respect from medicinal drugs: a correctly prescribed drug depends for its effectiveness only on the drugâ?#8482;s composition, whereas the effectiveness of even the most appropriate surgical procedure is transparently related to the skills of the surgeon who uses it.
The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument
(A) does not consider that new surgical procedures might be found to be intrinsically more harmful than the best treatment previously available
(B) ignores the possibility that the challenged proposal is deliberately crude in a way designed to elicit criticism to be used in refining the proposal
(C) assumes that a surgeonâ?#8482;s skills remain unchanged throughout the surgeonâ?#8482;s professional life
(D) describes a dissimilarity without citing any scientific evidence for the existence of that dissimilarity
(E) rejects a proposal presumably advanced in good faith without acknowledging any such good faith

2.In a survey of consumers in an Eastern European nation, respondents were asked two questions about each of 400 famous Western brands: whether or not they recognized the brand name and whether or not they thought the products bearing that name were of high quality. The results of the survey were a rating and corresponding rank order for each brand based on recognition, and a second rating-plus-ranking based on approval. The brands ranked in the top 27 for recognition were those actually available in that nation. The approval rankings of these 27 brands often differed sharply from their recognition rankings. By contrast, most of the other brands had ratings, and thus rankings, that were essentially the same for recognition as for approval
Which one of the following, if each is a principle about consumer surveys, is violated by the survey described?

(A) Never ask all respondents a question if it cannot reasonably be answered by respondents who make a particular response to another question in the same survey
(B) Never ask a question that is likely to generate a large variety of responses that are difficult to group into a manageable number of categories
(C) Never ask all respondents a question that respondents cannot answer without giving up their anonymity
(D) It is better to ask the same question about ten different products than to ask ten different questions about a single product
(E) It is best to ask questions that a respondent can answer without fear of having gotten the answer wrong

两个正确选项都是A。

没太看懂，请各位解释翻译一下，谢谢。

20. Legal rules are expressed in general terms. The concern classification of persons and actions and they prescribe legal consequences for persons and actions falling into the relevant categories. The application of a rule to a particular case, therefore, involves a decision on whether the facts of that case fall within the categories mentioned in the rule. This decision establishes the legal effect of what happened rather than any matter of fact.

The passage provides the most support for which one of the following?

(A) Legal rules, like matters of fact, are concerned with classifications of things such as actions.

(B) Matters of fact, like legal rules, can sometimes be expressed in general terms.

(C) Making a legal decision does not involve matters of fact.

(D) The application of a rule to a particular case need not be left to a judge.

(E) Whether the facts of a case fall into a relevant category is not itself a matter of fact. 

本题选E。不太明白……

2. ... brands ranked in the top 27 for recognition were those actually available in that nation. The approval rankings of these 27 brands often differed sharply from their recognition rankings. By contrast, most of the other brands had ratings, and thus rankings, that were essentially the same for recognition as for approval
Which one of the following, if each is a principle about consumer surveys, is violated by the survey described?
        

20 ...

Assigning case to legal category is based on legal effect not matter of fact

e.g.

The case "state vs john doe" is assgined to the category of 2nd degree murder, not based on John is a male or other matter of fact.

1.哦! 看漏了，以为是要不要用新手术代替药品……，第一次就没看明白，后来一直就都没有反应过来

2.这个意思大概明白了，只是不知道这个选项怎么翻译……

Never ask all respondents a question if it cannot reasonably be answered by respondents  who make a particular response to another question in the same survey
不要问respondents那些不能够被Respondents合理回答的……      （可能我太较真了吧，其实意思差不多就好了。只是看的糊里糊涂的。）

3.  (E) Whether the facts of a case fall into a relevant category is not itself a matter of fact. 
     也就是说这个选项和“This decision establishes the legal effect of what happened rather than any matter of fact. ”是一样的对吗？

    我还以为E选项是说 判断Case是否fall into的 这个判断过程（itself）is not a matter of fact 呢

    所以找了好久，没反应过来。

2. 题目里说做了两个调查，一是排比100个品牌的知名度，二是根据他们的质量再来比一比。但只有27个查产品有的买 。。。所以第一个排比是可以的，但第二个就莫名其妙了。。。A 就是这个意思，再仔细看看。

3。 是的。是比较拗口。。。