我来简单的总结一下-ing
-ing分两大类：动名词和现在分词，后者考点较多；
先看动名词：，动名词是做名词使用，不能修饰其他词，如下面两个例句，动名词做主语，蓝色的是谓语动词：
OG-PQ-85:According to a recent poll, owingand living in a freestanding house on its own land is still a goal of amajority of young adults, as it was of earlier generations.· OG-PQ-100:Being heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that has worked well inthe past, is likely to make anexecutive miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they doappear.
现在分词是GMAT重点
现在分词有三种情况：
1. 动词——用在现在进行时态 如 I am writing. 这种情况考点较少；
2. 形容词——修饰名词结构，放在名词后面时不加逗号；放在句子前面修饰主语加逗号
形容词有两种情况：
（1）在句首，如 这种情况digging一定要与逗号后面的scientists对应，这是GMAT重要考点；
OG-PQ-65:Digging in sediments in northern China, scientists have gathered evidence suggesting that complex life-forms emerged muchearlier than previously thought.
（2） 在句中，前面没有逗号，修饰紧邻名词，如
OG-DT-43 espite the increasing number of women graduating fromlaw school and passing bar examinations, the proportion of judges andpartners at major law firms who are women has not risen comparably.
3. 副词——要加逗号与主句隔开，要看逻辑含义！
有两种情况 ，这两种情况一般都不是修饰前面紧邻名词 (也就是你提问的这句的情况)
A) 逻辑主语=句子主语，为伴随状语，对主句进一步解释；必须与主句动作同时发生，不能有时间断层。如果句意上有时间断层，一般改为定语从句；(M12章) B) 逻辑主语=主句全句，为结果状语(可以有时间上的断层)，可以在分词前面加thus，thereby，ineffect等；
下面这些句子，你看一下，哪些是伴随，哪些是结果
OG-DT-45: In 1923, the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional a minimum wage for women and children in the District of Columbia, ruling that it was a form of price-fixing and, as such, an abridgment of the right of contract. · OG-DT-49: As an actress and, more importantly, as a teacher of acting, Stella Adler was one of the most influential artists in the American theater, training several generations of actors whose ranks included Marlon Brando and Robert De Niro. · OG-PQ-26: Tropical bats play important roles in the rain forest ecosystem, aiding in the dispersal of cashew, date, and fig seeds; pollinating banana, breadfruit, and mango trees; and indirectly helping to produce tequila by pollinating agave plants. · OG-PQ-48: Though called a sea, the landlocked Caspian is actually the largest lake on Earth, covering more than four times the surface area of its closest rival in size, North America’s Lake Superior. · OG12-PQ-94: The recent surge in the number of airplane flights has clogged the nation’s air-traffic control system, leading to a 55 percent increase in delays at airports and prompting fears among some officials that safety is being compromised. Ø 看似有时间断层，但这里不是伴随动作，而是表结果 · BaiY11-3: In cold-water habitats, certain invertebrates and fish convert starches into complex carbohydrates called glycerols, in effect manufacturing their own antifreeze.
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发表于 2013-11-16 10:00:03
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楼主
，从include到is是原文的划线句
