记笔记缩略词和简写参考

Note Taking - Symbols and Abbreviations

	therefore
	because
÷	statement/answer is correct
x	statement/answer is wrong
?	question; is the statement correct?
/	or (this/that = this or that)
& or +	and/plus
-	a dash (often used to join ideas and replace words or punctuation marks that have been omitted)
" "	ditto (means the same as the words immediately above the ditto marks)
	does not equal, differs from, is the opposite of
=	is/are/have/has/equals
Æ	leads to/results in/causes
	does not lead to/result in/cause

        Abbreviations

Many of the common general abbreviations are found in an appendix in a dictionary;
however, some of these are listed below:

Hints of Creating Your Own Abbreviations and Symbols

Abbreviation involves using shortened versions of words to represent the
complete form of the word. Symbols, such as our alphabet, are abstract
representations of some word or idea. Shorthand makes use of both
abbreviations and symbols. The gleaning strategy involves
representing the main ideas of a book (or meeting) in
shorthand version. With gleaning, vowels are omitted, words are
shortened, and symbols are used to represent the main ideas of the text.

These strategies are useful in note taking because they allow
one to write more quickly, once symbols and shorthand systems have been
internalised.

Directions for using abbreviations, symbols, and shorthand when taking
notes are summarised below.

• Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples:

  
  + plus
  
  // parallel

  
              

• Use standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:

  
  eg example
  
  IT dept Information Technology department
  
  UK United Kingdom

  
              

• Use only the first syllable of a word. Examples:

  
  mar marketing
  
  cus customer
  
  cli client

  
              

• Use the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second
  syllable. Examples:

  
  subj subject
  
  budg budget
  
  ind individual

  
              

• To distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first
  syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word.
  Examples:

  
  tech'gy technology
  
  gen'ion generalisation
  
  del'y delivery

  
              

• Use just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable
  abbreviation. Examples:

  
  assoc associated
  
  ach achievement
  
  info information

  
              

• Omit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough
  consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples:

  
  bkgd background
  
  mvmt movement
  
  prblm problem

  
              

• Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding 's.'
  Examples:

  
  custs customers
  
  fs frequencies
  
  /s ratios

  
              

• Use 'g' to represent 'ing' endings. Examples:

  
  decrg decreasing
  
  ckg checking
  
  estblg establishing

  
              

• Spell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:

  
  in
  
  but
  
  as
  
  key

  
              

• Leave out unimportant verbs. Examples:

  
  is
  
  was
  
  were

  
              

• Leave out unnecessary articles. Examples:

  
  a
  
  an
  
  the

  
              

• If a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during
  the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example:

  
  January Advertising Campaign Budget JACB

  
              

• Use symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples:
  

  
  @ at
  
  2 to
  
  4 for
  
  & and
  
  w/ with
  
  w/o without
  
  vs against

  
              

• Create your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to
  develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses
  or subjects.

  
              

• as a result of / consequences of <--->

  
              

• resulting in --->

  
              

• and / also +

  
              

• equal to / same as =

  
              

• following ff

  
              

• most importantly *

  
              

• less than <

  
              

• greater than >

  
              

• especially esp

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