[讨论]讨论几道逻辑吧．．个人觉得小有代表性

1. The price the government pays for standard weapons purchased from military contractors is determined by a pricing method called “historical costing”. Historical costing allows contactors to protect their profits by adding a percentage increase, based on the current rate of inflation, to the previous year’s contractual price.

Which of the following statements, if true, is the best basis for a criticism of historical costing as an economically sound pricing method for military contracts?

A.      The government might continue to pay for past inefficient use of funds.

B.      The rate of inflation has varied considerately over the past twenty years.

C.     The contractual price will be greatly affected by the cost of materials used for the products.

D.     Many taxpayers question the amount of money the government spends on military contracts.

E.      The pricing method based on historical costing might not encourage the development of innovative weapon.

(A) add some new information “inefficient use of funds”, how is it relevant to the stimulus?

2. The excessive number of safety regulations that the federal government has placed on industry poses more serious hardships for big businesses than for small ones. Since large companies do everything on a more massive scale, they must alter more complex operations and spend much more to meet governmental requirements.

Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?

A.      Small companies are less likely than large companies to have the capital reserves for improvements.

B.      The operations of small companies frequently rely on the same technologies as the operations of large companies.

C.     Safety regulation codes are uniform, established without reference to size of company.

D.     Large companies typically have more of their profits invested in other businesses than do small companies.

E.      Large companies are in general more likely than small companies to diversify their markets and products.

I think the answer D also fit. The more profits large companies get, the more flexibility they have to adjust. Isn’t It?

3. Public education suffers from what can be diagnosed as the sickness of an over -governed society. This sickness denies many parents control over the kind of education their children receive. The power once held by parents has gravitated to professional educators. The sickness has been aggravated by increasing centralization and bureaucratization of schools.

Which of the following, if true, would weaken the claim that there is continuing erosion of parents’ control over their children’s education?

A.      As a result of community pressure, growing numbers of school administrators follow recommendations made by parents.

B.      The number of professional educators has risen sharply over the last decade even though the number of students has declined.

C.     Parents’ organizations that lobby for changes in school curriculums are generally ineffectual.

D.     More members of school boards are appointed by school administrators than are elected by the public.

E.      The use of state-wide curriculum programs increased in the United States during the past two decades.

4. Because of a new diagnostic technique, many people who until this year would have been diagnosed as having the intestine disease are now currently diagnosed as suffering from intestine ulcers.

would have been 是不是“本来应该做但是没有”的意思？

5. When hypnotized subjects are told that they are deaf and are then asked whether they can hear the hypnotist, they reply, “No.” Some theorists try to explain this result by arguing that the selves of hypnotized subjects are dissociated into separate parts, and that the part that is deaf is dissociated from the part that replies.

Which of the following challenges indicates the most serious weakness in the attempted explanation described above?

A.      Why does the part that replies not answer, “Yes”?

B.      Why are the observed facts in need of any special explanation?

C.     Why do the subjects appear to accept the hypnotist’s suggestion that they are deaf?

D.     Why do hypnotized subjects all respond the same way in the situation described?

E.      Why are the separate parts of the self the same for all subjects?

This is a mazelike. I have NO idea what the author intend to say, and I’m utterly bewildered by the explanation the stimulus gave. What’s the difference between “YES” and “NO”?

6. The ratio of divorces to marriages has increased since 1940. Therefore there must be a greater proportion of children living with only one natural parent than there was in 1940.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly weakens the inference draw above?

A.      The number of marriages entered into women twenty-five to thirty-five years old has decreased since 1940.

B.      When there is a divorce, children are often given the option of deciding which parent they will live with.

C.     Since 1940 the average number of children in a family has remained approximately steady and has not been subject to wide fluctuations.

D.     Before 1940 relatively few children whose parents had both died were adopted into single-parent families.

E.      The proportion of children who must be raised by one parent because the other has died has decreased since 1940 as a result of medical advances.

7. The use of automobile safety seats by children aged 4 and under has nearly doubled in the past 8 years. It is clear that this increase has prevented child fatalities that otherwise would have occurred, because although the number of children aged 4 and under who were killed while riding in cars involved in accidents rose 10 percent over the past 8 years, the total number of serious automobile accidents rose by 20 percent during that period.

Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A.      Some of the automobile safety seats purchased for children under 4 continue to be used after the child reaches the age of 5.

B.      The proportion of serious automobile accidents involving child passengers has remained constant over the past 8 years.

C.     Children are taking more trips in cars today than they were 8 years age, but the average total time they spend in cars has remained constant.

D.     The sharpest increase in the use of automobile safety seats over the past 8 years has been for children over the age of 2.

E.      The number of fatalities among adults involved in automobile accidents rose by 10 percent over the past 8 years.

Kaplan said there is a scope shift: the conclusion is based on a comparison of the change over 8 years of the automobile fatality statistics for
            children aged 4 and under
            with a change over the same period in automobile accident statistics for the
            entire population. And in order to make the argument work logically, we must assume the shift is valid.

But I don’t think it matters, for I totally didn’t get the meaning of the statistics, how could it explain the conclusion that the safety seats have prevented child fatalities?

8. Until recently it was thought that ink used before the sixteenth century did not contain titanium. However a new type of analysis detected titanium in the ink of the famous Bible printed by Johannes Gutenberg and in that another fifteenth-century Bible known as B-36, though not in the ink of any of numerous other fifteenth-century books analyzed. This finding is of great significance, since it not only strongly supports the hypothesis that B-36 was printed by Gutenberg but also shows that the presence of titanium in the ink of the purportedly fifteenth-century Vinland Map can no longer be regarded as a reason for doubting the map’s authenticity.

The reasoning in the passage is vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that

A.      The results of the analysis are interpreted as indicating that the use of titanium as an ingredient in fifteenth-century ink both was, and was not, extremely restricted.

B.      If the technology that make it possible to detect titanium in printing ink has only recently become available, it is unlikely that printers or artists in the fifteenth century would know whether their ink contained titanium or not.

C.     It is unreasonable to suppose that determination of the date and the location of a document’s printing or drawing can be made solely o the basis of the presence or absence of a single element in the ink used in the document.

D.     Both the B-36 Bible and the Vinland Map are objects that can be appreciated on their own merits whether or not the precise date of their creation or the identity of the person who made them is know

E.      The discovery of titanium in the ink of the Vinland Map must have occurred before titanium was discovered in the ink of the Gutenberg Bible and the B-36 Bible.

I know the conclusion in the stimulus is questionable, but the answer A is also perplexing. What does “was, and was not, extremely restricted” mean? And the complicated situation described in the passage is even add the confusion.

大家看看这些答案都如何解释呢？谢过

1.A: Historical costing allows for the continued inefficient use of funds.

2.D is not understandable. D is irrelevant. You think that

3.The point in issue is whether the erosion is still continuing. A just shows that the trend has been checked to some extent.

4. the new diagnostic technique is better than the old one.

5. A means a hypnotized suject is possible to answer yes. If this had been the case, would those theorists still have proposed their 'self-separation' theory.

6. There are at least two factors to the effect that there is a greater proportion of children living with only one natural parent. The first is that the ratio of divorces to marriages has increased since 1940. The second is that one of parents dies. E negates the the second.

这么大的阅读量都被您解答了。。。。。。。。感激中。。。。

对不起，这么迟才来说感谢的话。。。。。

受教中。

Too many. Just 1 and 2 today

1. The issue is whether "histroical pricing" is a reasonable scheme. The confusing part is the question doesnt ask whether it's sound to government's sake or contractor's sake. And look through all 5 choices, you will find this ambiguity is left there on purpose. Nonetheless, the key is Money. So D and E are out. B is a netutral claim that says nothing about the issue. C is a strengthener. A shows it's not a good scheme to government, because they will be paying for blunts made previously under this scheme.

2. The issue is whether regulation affects big biz more than small biz in terms of causing them hardships. D never says big biz has more profit. Even if it has more profit, it's still hard to argue that they are more flexible.  

the one above is really amazingly great~

not only for ur clear thoughts, but also for ur kindness..

much obliged~!

5.

This one is interesting. You know the explaination is talking about sperate parts, and how many answer choices are focusing on it? I only see A and E. E is talking about why the explaination should be applied universally. This hardly a logical flaw. So E can be tossed out easily.

Now, A. Basically hypnotized people think they are deaf but answer question, which clearly shows they can hear (I have seen this myself). So the questionable explaination attribute it to seperate pars of brian, one belives the sbjuect is deaf and the other is not affected by it. Now if the other part is not affected, then why doesnt it say "Yes' to show it believes the subject can hear?