為什麼是錯？having been done 就是完成式分詞having + Vpp的被動形式。沒有任何必錯的理由。
這裡有一個官方題目的正確句子：
Some patients who do not respond to therapies for depression may simply have received inadequate treatment, having, for example, been prescribed a drug at a dosage too low to be effective or having been taken off a drug too soon.
很明顯的可以看到having been + Vpp 是可以使用的。
至於having+Vpp到底要怎麼判斷呢？having+Vpp要被視為是「完成式」。注意，不是「已經」，也不是「現在完成」或「過去完成」，他就是完成式。看到having的時候，要去跟主句的動作進行時序邏輯判斷。若是主句使用進行式或簡單式，則having作為完成式，在語義上會是先發生。若主句使用完成式，則having在語義上會是同時發生。若發現時序跟語意有明顯矛盾，則視為「語意不合理」優先刪去該選項。
舉例：
38. The first trenches that were cut into a 500-acre site at TellHamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence for centrally administeredcomplex societies in northern regions of the Middle East that were arisingsimultaneously with but independently of the more celebrated city-states ofsouthern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq. (C) having been cutinto a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence thatcentrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle Eastwere arising simultaneously but (E) cut into a 500-acre site atTell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence that centrally administeredcomplex societies in northern regions of the Middle East arose simultaneouslywith but
不能用。跟限定/非限定修飾無關，而是這裡使用having，跟主句的have yielded完成式屬於同一時間。但語意很明顯是先被cut再顯示證據。 39. An international team of astronomers working at telescopes in the CanaryIslands and Spain has detected at least 18 huge gas spheres estimated to have 5to 15 times the mass of Jupiter, the solar system's largest planet. (A) astronomers working attelescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain has detected at least 18 huge gasspheres estimated to have 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter (C) astronomers is working attelescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain, having detected at least18 huge gas spheres that are estimated at 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter
不能用。主句用進行式，所以having作為完成式會更先發生，但跟語義矛盾，理應是先工作再有成果，這邊卻變成先有成果才有工作。 41. Some patients who do notrespond to therapies for depression may simply have received inadequatetreatment, having, for example, been prescribeda drug at a dosage too low to be effective or having been taken off a drugtoo soon. (A) having, for example,been prescribed a drug at a dosage too low to be effective or having been (D) when they have, forexample, been prescribed too low a drug dosage to be effective, or were
可以用。主句用完成式may have received，這裡用having完成式表同一時間，做句尾分詞修飾語的「對前句作闡述細節補充」之用（for example也暗示了這一點：是在對前面做細節說明）。因為是細節舉例，所以用同一時間當然沒問題。
簡單來說，這個用法是語意問題，不是必對必錯的慣用語問題。在網路上有許多資料把SC的語意知識點誤以為是Grammar/Idiom，我在自修準備時也被騙過。要多注意啊。
Dustin
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发表于 2018-1-26 14:54:04
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