求助！在线等啊！prep2sc13题与og30题矛盾？

shiningsmile · 发表于 2012-3-11 16:28:37

13. (25151-!-item-!-188;#058&002234)

One of the earliest known birds with a beak and contour feathers, Confuciusornis sanctus, with large clawlike "thumbs" on its wings, which probably helped them to climb up to a launching position for flight.

(A) with large clawlike "thumbs" on its wings, which probably helped them to
(B) with large clawlike "thumbs" on their wings, which probably helped it to
(C) had large clawlike "thumbs" on its wings, which probably helped them
(D) had large clawlike "thumbs" on its wings, probably to help it
(E) had large clawlike "thumbs" on their wings, probably to help it
由单复数判断选D，但是commma+不定式不是错的么？如og30题：
30. For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti
nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden
frames were essential items of military equipment,
a method to protect warriors against enemy arrows
and spears.
(A) a method to protect
(B) as a method protecting
(C) protecting
(D) as a protection of
(E) to protect
答案很明显选C，在解释E项时og说“Although the infi nitive to protect would work if it were not preceded by a comma, it cannot act as a nonrestrictive adjectival phrase modifying ‘items’ ”，这么一说不是comma+不定式是错的嘛？难道两道题中不定式的作用与用法不一样，求赐教！！！在线等！

shiningsmile · 发表于 2012-3-11 17:21:34

自己顶！难道这个问题很白痴吗？

shiningsmile · 发表于 2012-3-11 17:44:04

把两道题划线的部分重新贴出来 prep2 13题One of the earliest known birds with a beak and contour feathers, Confuciusornis sanctus, with large clawlike "thumbs" on its wings, which probably helped them to climb up to a launching position for flight.
(A) with large clawlike "thumbs" on its wings, which probably helped them to

(B) with large clawlike "thumbs" on their wings, which probably helped it to

(C) had large clawlike "thumbs" on its wings, which probably helped them

(D) had large clawlike "thumbs" on its wings, probably to help it（prep判为对）

(E) had large clawlike "thumbs" on their wings, probably to help it

答案选D
og第30题
For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti
nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden
frames were essential items of military equipment,
a method to protect warriors against enemy arrows
and spears.
(A) a method to protect
(B) as a method protecting
(C) protecting
(D) as a protection of
(E) to protect（og判为错）
答案选C
这是为什么？难道两处不定时用法不一样？

(A) with large clawlike "thumbs" on its wings, which probably helped them to

(B) with large clawlike "thumbs" on their wings, which probably helped it to

(C) had large clawlike "thumbs" on its wings, which probably helped them

(D) had large clawlike "thumbs" on its wings, probably to help it（prep判为对）

(E) had large clawlike "thumbs" on their wings, probably to help it

答案选D
og第30题
For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti
nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden
frames were essential items of military equipment,
a method to protect warriors against enemy arrows
and spears.
(A) a method to protect
(B) as a method protecting
(C) protecting
(D) as a protection of
(E) to protect（og判为错）
答案选C
这是为什么？难道两处不定时用法不一样？

mongmong · 发表于 2012-4-4 16:56:59

顶一下

aeoluseros · 发表于 2012-4-10 07:24:32

30. For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti
nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden
frames were essential items of military equipment,
a method to protect warriors against enemy arrows
and spears.
(A) a method to protect
(B) as a method protecting
(C) protecting
(D) as a protection of
(E) to protect
答案很明显选C，在解释E项时og说“Although the infi nitive to protect would work if it were not preceded by a comma, it cannot act as a nonrestrictive adjectival phrase modifying ‘items’ ”，这么一说不是comma+不定式是错的嘛？难道两道题中不定式的作用与用法不一样，求赐教！！！在线等！

这个OG30的解释太含糊了，” the infinitive to protect would work if it were not preceded by a comma“ 可是即便去掉逗号，也不能用to protect啊...protecting是最合理的。
另外在其他正规文体里很多次见过“不定式做非限定性修饰"，所以我对OG30的解释表示疑惑。

babybearmm · 发表于 2012-4-10 12:50:03

我觉得是这样的，句尾的"comma + infinitive"是adverbial modifier。而我们知道adverbial modifier的位置可以很灵活，通常可以放前面、后面甚至中间。

To get a high score, we study hard.
We study hard to get a high score.
以上句子没问题，对吧？

但如果这个句子复杂点，怎么办？
To get a high score, we do a lot of practices and analyze the questions.
We do a lot of practices and analyze the questions, to get a high score.
这个时候，注意第2句话，"to get a high score"前面就有个逗号。
你来试试不加逗号啥效果：
We do a lot of practices and analyze the questions to get a high score.
什么叫做"questions to get a high score"? 很多名词后面都可以加infinitive来修饰，比如"attempt to do it" "courage to take on the challenge".....那我能否把这"questions to get a high score"当作一个整体，搅尽脑汁去理解呢？
相信你明白我的意思了。我想说的是，如果我们把"to get a high score"放到句子末尾，就要加逗号，以方便读者的理解，照顾一下我可怜的脑细胞。这就是说为什么GMAT强调的是effective expression.

“但是commma+不定式不是错的么”
我想说，从来就没有这个规则！"comma + infinitive"作adverbial modifier 在英语里很普遍，比如就我上面那个句子：
We do a lot of practices and analyze the questions, to get a high score.

--
第30题，我觉得是说，这里"to protect"不能作为adverbial modifier，因此就不能用刚才说到的"comma + infinitive"这个adverbial modifier的结构。
为什么不能作adverbial modifier? 因为adverbial modifier是修饰的整个sentence/clause的意思.
这个句子主干：
Shields were essential items of military equipment.
所以"to protect"和这个句子不搭调。

如果你非要用逗号后面加"to protect"，那我造这个句子：
Members of Ashanti nation developed shields as essential items of military equipment, to protect ....
你看，这个句子的主干，是：
Members developed shields.
Question: why did they develop shields? Answer: To protect ....
Because "to protect ..." answers the "why" question, it is regarded as an adverbial modifier.

判断能否作为adverbial modifier，有个简单的办法，就是像我上面那样提问，看能否answer the how/why/where/when questions.
当你这么检验的时候，你就会发现
"to protect" CANNOT answer the how/why/where/when questions for "Shields were essential items of military equipment".

综上，我的意思是，按原句的写法，"to protect"不能作为adverbial modifier，因为意思不搭调。而按我改动之后的写法才可以。

但是，"to protect"可以作为noun modifier修饰前面的noun "equipment"，因为"equipment to protect" makes perfect sense!
在这种情况下，"to protect"前面就不能有逗号。所以OG会说：
the infinitive to protect would work if it were not preceded by a comma

13. (25151-!-item-!-188;#058&002234)

One of the earliest known birds with a beak and contour feathers, Confuciusornis sanctus, with large clawlike "thumbs" on its wings, which probably helped them to climb up to a launching position for flight.

(A) with large clawlike "thumbs" on its wings, which probably helped them to
(B) with large clawlike "thumbs" on their wings, which probably helped it to
(C) had large clawlike "thumbs" on its wings, which probably helped them
(D) had large clawlike "thumbs" on its wings, probably to help it
(E) had large clawlike "thumbs" on their wings, probably to help it
由单复数判断选D，但是commma+不定式不是错的么？如og30题：
30. For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti
nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden
frames were essential items of military equipment,
a method to protect warriors against enemy arrows
and spears.
(A) a method to protect
(B) as a method protecting
(C) protecting
(D) as a protection of
(E) to protect
答案很明显选C，在解释E项时og说“Although the infi nitive to protect would work if it were not preceded by a comma, it cannot act as a nonrestrictive adjectival phrase modifying ‘items’ ”，这么一说不是comma+不定式是错的嘛？难道两道题中不定式的作用与用法不一样，求赐教！！！在线等！

-- by 会员 shiningsmile (2012/3/11 16:28:37)

aeoluseros · 发表于 2012-4-10 14:02:00

babybear说得极好，把原理都说透了.

综上，我的意思是，按原句的写法，"to protect"不能作为adverbial modifier，因为意思不搭调。而按我改动之后的写法才可以。

但是，"to protect"可以作为noun modifier修饰前面的noun "equipment"，因为"equipment to protect" makes perfect sense!
在这种情况下，"to protect"前面就不能有逗号。所以OG会说：
the infinitive to protect[bgcolor=#fbfeff] would work if it were not preceded by a comma

对于这部分有一点我想补充下自己的理解，to do总是表示某一次具体的应用或目的，表达功能的话用doing更为合适。比[/bgcolor]如babybear您的例子To get a high score, we do a lot of practices and analyze the questions. 此处to do是表示目的，而不是do a lot of practices的功能。而这个句子protect是该equipment的"功能"，而非"一次性效用"，所以应该用protecting这样的现在分词形式做定语. 这一点也适用于在to do和for doing的选择上。欢迎进一步探讨~

babybearmm · 发表于 2012-4-10 14:22:19

谢谢斑斑补充！

你让我从新的角度认识了"to do" vs. v-ing

果然如此哇~~
原句：
Shields were essential items of military equipment, protecting warriors against arrows and spears.
“表达功能的话用doing更为合适” 这里是表示shields的功能

我另起炉灶的"to protect"的句子：
Members of Ashanti nation developed shields as essential items of military equipment, to protect warriors against arrows and spears.
“to do总是表示某一次具体的应用或目的” 这个句子是表示人们（members of Ashanti nation）这么做的目的

For an adverbial modifier to make sense, it must apply to the subject. (These two sentences have different subjects....)

babybear说得极好，把原理都说透了.

综上，我的意思是，按原句的写法，"to protect"不能作为adverbial modifier，因为意思不搭调。而按我改动之后的写法才可以。

但是，"to protect"可以作为noun modifier修饰前面的noun "equipment"，因为"equipment to protect" makes perfect sense!
在这种情况下，"to protect"前面就不能有逗号。所以OG会说：
the infinitive to protect[bgcolor=#fbfeff] would work if it were not preceded by a comma

对于这部分有一点我想补充下自己的理解，to do总是表示某一次具体的应用或目的，表达功能的话用doing更为合适。比[/bgcolor]如babybear您的例子To get a high score, we do a lot of practices and analyze the questions. 此处to do是表示目的，而不是do a lot of practices的功能。而这个句子protect是该equipment的"功能"，而非"一次性效用"，所以应该用protecting这样的现在分词形式做定语. 这一点也适用于在to do和for doing的选择上。欢迎进一步探讨~

-- by 会员 aeoluseros (2012/4/10 14:02:00)

199249712 · 发表于 2012-4-10 14:38:30

尾随姐姐前来。。。当时XDF课上讲的comma+to+do必错。。。那道题我按特例记得。。。。。

补充在第一页

aeo斑斑的ving做功能

对比：65. In a plan to stop the erosion of East Coast beaches,the Army Corps of Engineers proposed building parallel to shore a breakwater ofrocks that would rise six feet above the waterline and act as a buffer, sothat it absorbs the energy of crashing waves and protecting the beaches.
(A) act as a buffer, so that it absorbs
(B) act like a buffer so as to absorb
(C) act as a buffer, absorbing
(D) acting as a buffer, absorbing
(E) acting like a buffer, absorb

另一种典型的verb modifier----the direct consequence
Fivefledgling sea eagles left their nests in western Scotland this summer, bringing to 34 the number of wild birdssuccessfully raised transplants from Norway began in 1975.
A bringing
B and brings
C and it brings
D and it brought
E and brought

对比：The number of people flying firstclass on domestic flights rose sharply in 1990, doubling the increase of the previous year.
A. doubling the increase of
B. doubling that of the increase in
C. double as much as the increase of
D. twice as many as the increase in
E. twice as many as the increase of

对比：94. The recent surge in the number of airplane flights has clogged thenation’s air-traffic control system, to lead to 55 percent moredelays at airports, and prompts fears among some officials that safety isbeing compromised.

(A)to lead to 55 percent more delays at airports, and prompts

(B)leading to 55 percent more delay at airports and prompting

(C)to lead to a 55 percent increase in delay at airports and prompt

(D)to lead to an increase of 55 percent in delays at airports, and prompted

(E) leading to a 55 percent increase in delays at airports and prompting

另外补充一下姐姐以前讲的偶觉得真的超清晰的同位语与,ving的比较
Biochemists found that geldanamycin induces cellularstress, leading to cell death.

继续接着这个例子说，假如我想表达：生化学家发现geldanamycin能够引起细胞压力，这个发现促进了抗癌药物的研发。那么以下句子是incorrect的：
Biochemists found that geldanamycin inducescellular stress, promoting the development of anti-cancer drugs.
为什么错？因为根据默认语法规则，"comma+v-ing"必须修饰前面那个从句，也就是that之后的从句geldanamycin induces cellular stress,而这显然不合逻辑意思
——我们的逻辑意思是，生物学家的这个发现"promoting..."，而非发现的现象本身"promoting..."

要表达我的意思，就不能用"comma+v-ing"。可以这么说：
Biochemists found that geldanamycin inducescellular stress, a finding promoting thedevelopment of anti-cancer drugs.
这样，我就把前面主句（粉色部分）用抽象词"a finding"来概括。

babybearmm · 发表于 2012-4-10 14:40:55

我就觉得，以咱中国学生的聪明勤奋，要是把听xdf那帮人讲课的那些宝贵时间，就用来extensive reading，GMAT成绩都会好很多很多

尾随姐姐前来。。。郁闷死了！！！XDF啊啊啊啊啊啊啊当时课上讲的comma+to+do必错。。。那道题我按特例记得。。。

-- by 会员 199249712 (2012/4/10 14:38:30)

求助！在线等啊！prep2sc13题与og30题矛盾？

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