这样说语法上对吗？？

1.the author's claim applies to...还是the author applies the claim to..

OR  the author's claim was apllied to??

2.factors like this

or

factors like these..

or

factors such as these/this??

谢谢……

都factors了，就不能用this了吧？

不过还是双手赞成Judy 斑竹

关于第二个，judy的意思是说factors like these or用this是没有错的是吧？？谢谢