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GMAT AWA Preparation
Part II: Sentence Prototype
May 15, 2005
Analysis of Argument
1. Summarize the main idea
概括作者的主要论点。
In this argument, the author argues (claims, advocates, recommends, concludes, predicts) that ______.
In this argument, the arguer intends to convince us that ______.
According to the title statement, the author attempts to persuade us to accept the viewpoint that______.
The proposition (conclusion, assumption, prediction) in this argument is that ______.
2. Summarize the line of reasoning
概括作者的论证主线，指出使用的论证方法，以及所采用的论据。
2.1 Adduce（例证法）
2.2 Cite（引证法）
In support of this conclusion, the arguer provides the evidence that ______.
To substantiate (corroborate) the conclusion, the arguer cites (quotes) the example of ______.
This prediction in this argument relies on (depends on) the investigation (study, research, experiment, survey, observation) that______.
The argument is based on the assumption (premise, hypothesis) that______.
2.3 Deduct（演绎法）
The arguer’s line of reasoning is that ______. First, the arguer assumes that ______. Second, the arguer suggests that ______. Finally, the arguer asserts that ______.
In this argument, the major premise is that ______, the minor premise is that ______, and the conclusion is that ______.
Meanwhile (at the same time), the arguer reasons that ______.
2.4 Cause-effect Analyze（因果分析法）
暂缺。
3. Critique the main idea, point out the primary logical fallacies
3.1 指出论点的主要问题
指出论点的主要问题，包括所涉及的范畴、性质等。
The major problem with the argument is that ______.
The arguer fails to convince us that______, because______.
This argument is unconvincing for several flaws.
This argument is questionable for several reasons.
The reasoning in this argument is problematic in several respects.
The issue of______ is a (an) weak (controversial) one.
3.2 指出论证的主要逻辑错误
指出论证的主要逻辑问题，可用一句话进行引申，到下面各段进行再深入论述。
While this argument has some merits, there are several logical fallacies (critical flaws) that deserve our attention.
A careful examination would reveal how groundless the argument (conclusion) is.
Although many people believe that ______, I doubt (wonder) whether the argument bears much analysis (close examination).
This argument is fraught with vague and unwarranted assumptions.
The arguer must provide more specific evidence to validate the conclusion.
The conclusion depends on several unfounded assumptions.
It is necessary to point out several major flaws that might undermine the argument.
以上为首段末尾的总结和引申，用于引出下面各段的分析。
4. 分析原文的逻辑错误
4.1反驳论点
Analysis of an Argument相当于“驳论”型的议论文，可直接指出论点的不可信、片面性、不合理、不一致等问题，但是一般通过反驳论证和论据来证明论点不成立。
4.2反驳论证
4.2.1指出并论述逻辑错误
The arguer commits a fallacy of “after this therefore because of this”. That is, ______.
The arguer fails to take into account several other factors that might lead to (result in/contribute to/explain/ account for/be responsible for/might weaken) ______.
The argumentation ignores factors that______.
The argumentation fails to rule out the possibility that______.
The evidence provided in this argument is not sufficient to validate the assumption that ______.
The author fails to provide sufficient (concrete, specific, whole) evidence that______.
The mere fact that indicates nothing about (does not imply that, does not support the claim that, does not ensure that) ______.
As it stands, the argument is not well-reasoned because______.
To make it logically acceptable, the arguer should demonstrate that ______.
The major flaw worth discussing is that the assumption that______.
4.2.2 常见的逻辑错误类型
参照《Stephen's Guide to the Logical Fallacies》，常见的逻辑错误类型如下：
Fallacies of Distraction: False dilemma (The Either-or Thinking), Slippery Slope
Appeal to Motive in Place of Support：Appeal to Pity, Appeal to Popularity, Appeal to Consequence, Prejudicial Language
Changing the Subject: Attacking the Person (ad hominem), Appeal to Authority, Appeal to Rumor
Inductive Fallacies: False Analogy, Insufficient Sample (Hasty Generalization), Unrepresentative sample (biased-sample), Fallacy of Exclusion, Unauthentic Sample
Causal Fallacies: Post Hoc (After This Therefore Because of This), Genuine but Insignificant Cause, Complex Cause, Wrong Direction
Missing the Point: Begging the Question, Straw Man
4.3 反驳论据
The validity (credibility) of the survey is doubtful (questionable).
The argument represents the unreasonable/unconvincing (unreliable, unfounded, groundless) assumption that ______.
The survey on which the argument relies lacks credibility and therefore does not lend strong support to the conclusion.
The statistical evidence cited in the argument is so vague that it does not validate the arguer’s assumption that______.
The fact that ______ does not ensure (guarantee, warrant) that ______.
In the argument, the arguer unfairly assumes that______. Another assumption short of legitimacy is that ______.
Analysis of Issue
Introductory Paragraph
1. 简述论题
2. 分析论题，
对问题的定义、意义（普遍性、重要性）和性质等（范畴、领域）进行分析
3. 提出观点，表明立场
First Body Paragraph
立论1：进行正面论述，表达观点1，说明主要原因
采用举例、引用等进行论证（2－4个例子、引用）
Second Body Paragraph
立论2：进行正面论述，表达观点2，说明次要原因。
采用举例、引用等进行论证（2－4个例子、引用）
Third Body Paragraph（Optional）
驳论1：进行反面论述，批驳对立面，说明原因。
采用举例、引用等进行论证（2－4个例子、引用）
Conclusion Paragraph
重申主题，总结观点；
做出让步，指出局限性；
或进行引申，提出解决方案；
再次表态，重申立场。
主题句
1. The main (major, obvious, great) problem (flaw, drawback) with (in) this argument is that ______.
2. The arguer’s point of view worth considering is that______.
3. The arguer fails to convince us that______.
4. The arguer fails to take into account ______(another feasible factors).
5. The author fails to consider and rule out other factors that might account for______.
6. The arguer ignores (neglect) other convincing factors that______.
7. The arguer oversimplified the issue of ______.
8. The arguer overemphasizes that______/the importance of ______.
9. The fact that ______ does not ensure (guarantee) that ______.
10. The fact that ______ tells/says little/nothing about ______.
11. That is to say (in other words, that is), ______.
对主题句进行解释。
正文
1. In the first place, in the second place______ , last but not the least______.
2. First of all, in addition, what’s more, moreover, finally
3. To begin with______, In addition______, Furthermore,
4. Finally, before I come to my conclusion, I’d like to point out another problem that the line of reasoning that prompt me to support/oppose the title statement is that______.
5. On one hand, on the other hand______.
6. One reason I agree with/argue against the title statement is that ______.
Another reason that prompt me to support/oppose the title statement is that ______.
The third reason I’d like to point out is that______.
结尾
1. In short, if the arguer______, the argument would be more valid.
2. Therefore, as far as I am concerned, I agree that______.
3. Last but no least, ….
4. In conclusion, the arguer fails to validate/establish the claim that ______.
5. In sum, I concur that ______.
6. To solidify the argument, the arguer should supply more accurate information to demonstrate that ______.
7. In addition, the arguer would have to rule out the above-mentioned possibilities that may undermine the argument.
8. To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility, because the evidence in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer claims.
9. In summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and misleading
Before we can accept the conclusion the arguer must present more substantial facts to prove that ______.
10. In conclusion, while some people may remain unconvinced by my argument, the reasons I have analyzed so far should at least make them aware of the complexities of the issue under discussion.
11. In sum, it is very likely that people will never be able to arrive at the same conclusion on this controversial issue due to their different experiences and conflicting values.
12. In conclusion I believe that______, not only because______, but also because______.
13. To conclude, there is no easy solution to such a complex issue. However, taking into account all the dimensions discussed in the above analysis might be the first step out of this dilemma.
逻辑问题分析句式
1）对某个观点表示怀疑
It’s true that______, but this is not to say (it is unlikely, it does not mean, it does not follow, it won’t be the case) that______.
指出值得怀疑的观点
Given that ______ , it is unlikely that______.
指出某个观点无可能性
It would be absurd (ridiculous, nonsensical, unreasonable, wrong) to claim that______.
指出某个观点的不合理性
There is no reason for us to believe that (accept, resist, reject, refuse, deny) that______.
强烈反对某个观点（毫无道理，…）
Although it is widely (commonly, generally) held (felt, accepted, agreed) that______, it’s unlikely to be true that______.
对某个大众化观点进行反驳
However careful examination would reveal that______.
指出某个观点存在的问题。
2）对某个观点表示赞同
There is no (little) doubt that more and more people will come to realize that______.
强烈支持某个观点（毫无疑问，…）
There is no denying that______.
不可否认…
Although I agree that______, I insist that______.
有所取舍的同意和否定
It would be possible (natural, reasonable, sound, rational) to think (believe, take the view) that ______.
指出某个观点的合理性
3）指出证据存在的问题
The point of view in this argument may be right about______, but the arguer seems to neglect to mention (take into account) the fact that ______.
The arguer is ignorant of (blind to) the basic (bare) fact that______.
In all the discussion and debate over ______, several important (basic) facts are generally overlooked (neglect, ignored)
指出作者忽略了某些事实
There is an element of truth in this argument, but it ignores a deeper and more basic (important, essential) fact (reason) that ______.
指出作者忽略了更深入、更本质的事实。
To make the argument more convincing/persuasive, the arguer would have to provide more information concerning ______.
指出作者应提供某方面的证据。
观点立场表达句式
1）表达观点
As opposed to (contrary to) the widely (commonly, generally) held (accepted) view (ideas), I believe (insist) that______.
表明自己与众不同的观点
It goes without saying that______. (= It is needless to say that______;=It is obvious that______.)
说明显而易见的道理：“无庸讳言，…”
As far as I am concerned, I believe that______.
说明个人观点：“就我所知，…”
Common sense tells us that______.
说明一般常识：“常识告诉我们，…”
People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______. To them, _____.
说明大众观点。
2）证明观点
Although the popular belief is that ______, a new (current, recent) study (report, survey, investigation, poll) indicates (show, demonstrate, illustrate) that______.
引用调查研究来证明与流行观点相反的观点。
According to a(an) a new (current, recent) study (report, survey, investigation, poll), ______.
引用调查研究结果：“根据…，”
A case in point is______.
引用事实：“一个恰当的例子是…”。
As the saying goes, ______.
引用格言：“如格言所云，…”。
No one can deny (ignore, doubt, overlook, obscure) the fact that______.
引用事实。
Personal experience (examples I heard, read of) leads me to conclude that______.
引用个人经验。
3）解释原因
There is much concern over the issue of______.
The situation (effect, change, increase, decrease, success, failure, …) result from (arise from, attribute to, ascribe to, owe to) ______.
There are many (several, different, a number of, a variety of ) causes for ______.
列举原因，引出下文。
One reason why I agree/disagree with the title statement, is that______. Another reason that prompts me to support/oppose the title statement is that______.
对每个原因进行阐述。
Why______? The first reason is that ______. The second reason is ______. The third is______. For all this, the main cause of ______due to ______.
4）提出建议
It’s high time that we place (lay, put) great (special, considerable) emphasis on the development (improvement, promotion, increase) of ______.
发出号召。
It’s high time that we put an end to the deep-seated situation (tendency, phenomena) of ______.
发出号召。
We must look (search, cry) for an immediate measure (action, method), because the present (current) situation (tendency, phenomena, state, attitude) of______, if permitted to continue, will surely (certainly) lead to (result in) the destruction (heavy cost) of ______.
发出号召。
Confronted with______，we should take a series of effective measures to______. For one thing，______For another，______.
提出解决方案。
5）总结观点
In conclusion (in one word, to sum up, for the reason given above), I feel (think, recommend) that ______.
对全文或本段进行总结。
From what has been discussed above (Taking into account all these factors, Judging from all evidences offered), we may safely draw (reach, come to, arrive at) the conclusion that______.
对论证过程进行总结，得出结论。
All the evidence (analysis) supports (justifies, confirms, warrants) a(an) sound conclusion that______.
对论证过程进行总结，得出结论。
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发表于 2005-5-17 11:18:00
发表于 2005-5-17 11:20:00
