[AWA模板] 写作5.5,上来贴个自己的ARGUMENT模板,给大家参考下吧

前两天都删除了

想到要上来回报CD的,特地从回收站里捞出来的

5.5可能不算特别牛了,但是还是贴上来聊表心意

主要是XDF教材上的,加一点点自己的总结

Argument

Hasty Generlization.(representative,entire,in general,as a whole)

example 1.First, the author assumes that Viewer Choice (VC) is representative of the video store in general. However,this is not necessary the case. VC might have more VHS-tape, as a percentage of its total inventory  than the average video store. If so,than the author's assumption may  be no convincing any more.

30.First, the author assume that the population as a whole is aging and the hotel occupancy in general is decling. However, the author fails to justify his assumption that the unamed region is representative of the nation as a whole, so the example cited is not sufficient enough to substantiate this argument. For example, the unnamed region may attract more old people than the average, and its hotel occupancy may be decline just because of a summer holiday . Without any more details, it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all.

(best)48.First,the author fails to justify his assumption that the businesses in general can increase their profitability under private ownership than under public ownership. The example of XX, is not sufficient enough to warrant its truth because there is no reason to believe that CC is representitive of the entire businesses. For example, its products may be far more profitability than the average business. Without any more detail, it is fallacious to draw any conclusion from the evidence cited.

misapplied generalization(typical)

example.First, the authorbelieve that the teenagers in seaside is typical of the children nationwide.However,there is no evidence to substantiate this assumption.For example,it is possible that they may have less homework thus they may become happier than average.Without any more details,it is fallacious to draw any conclusions based on the nationwide survey.

148.First,the author assumes that Monroetown's(M) voters is typical of the voters nationwide. However,there is no reason to substantiate his assumption. For example,It is possible that the people in M may vote according to their positions. Thus,they may be against the incumbents.or M's voters may tend to elect a different mayor when they attend  a franchise.Without any more details,it is fallacious to draw any conclusion based on the facts nationwide.

causal oversimplification

The arguer commit the fallacy of causal oversimplification in assuming that A is all that required for B.While A is a element in determing B,it is hardly the only one.To establish a general causal relationship between A and B, other factos that could result in B should be eliminated. for example,.... The argurer's failure to consider other factors render the conclusion highly suspect.

47.The arguer claim that the reason of three shop's failure was their location. While location is an important determing elements  to a business 's success or failure,it is hardly the only one.To establish a general causal relationship between location and a business 's failure,other factors should be eliminated.For example,the quality of the products or services,the advertisement,the price,these factors can attribute to a shop's success or failure.However,the author fails to consider these possibilities and render the argument suspect.

post hoc,ergo propter hoc(proceed,occurred before,chronological relationship)

(best)14.The author has engaged in the "post hoc,ergo propter hoc" reasoning.The only reason offered for believeing that the use of interactive computer insruction caused the declining of dropout rate is
        that the former proceeded the latter.The mere chronological relationship is not sufficient enough to substantiate the causal relationship between the two events.In order to establish the causal relationship between two events,other factors should be eliminated.For example,the school may have a increasing teaching qualities,a better enviroments,or some more intersting subjects.Without even considering these possibilities,the autor render the conclusion based on it highly suspect.

22.The author has engaged in a "post hoc, ergo propter hoc"reasoning. The only reason for believeing that the increased vigilance caused the increas in cocaine use is the fact that the former proceed the latter. the mere chronological relationship between these two events is not sufficient enough to substantiate a causal relationship between them.In order to establish a general causal relationship, other factors should be eliminated .For example, the increasing price of Cocaine, the increasing product rate of cocaine.without even considering these possibilities,the author render the conclusion suspect.

Cum hoc,ergo propter hoc(positive, coincide with)

4.The author has engaged in the"cum hoc,ergo propter hoc"fallacy in reasoning.The only reason for believing that delays in manufacturing caused the the falling revenues is that the former coincided with the latter.The mere positive relation is not sufficient to substantiate a causal relationship between the two events. In order to establish the causal relationship,other factors must be eliminated.For example,lost in customers,increasing cost can also attribute to the falling revenues,such factors should be ruled out.Without even considering these factors,the author's conclusion is suspect.

False analogy(analogous to, difference outweigh the similarities,comparability)

1.The author commit a false analogy in reasoning that OF will achieve the same result as CF. The reasoning is questionable because similarity between the two events may not sufficient enough to substantiate the claim. For example, food spoilage, timely transportation all affect the OF while have little affect on CF. Apparently,difference between CF and OF far outweigh their similarities,thus making the analogy untenable. The author 's failiure to prove or even consider the comparibility between CF and OF render the claim highly suspect.

37.The author assume that the MX is analogous to the car.However,this assumption is problematic,because the similarities between these two events may not sufficient enough to substantiate the assumption. For example, the car is usually required of smooth ride, safty driving while MX are not required these factors. Apparently,their difference far outweigh their similarities.Thus leaving the author's assumption untenable. The author 's failure to prove or even consider the comparibility between MX and cars renders the claim suspect.

All things are equal(remain the same at different time/location)

25.The author assumes that the condition in City L will remain the same at different time. However,the fiscal policy may change in L,thus make its economic enviroment change greatly, or a new mayor may in charge of L,making the city totally different. Since the argument fails to account for possibilities such as these , it is unconvinced that.....

31. The author assumes that the trends will remain the same at different time. However, the supply of coffe and cola may change greatly,the cost of doing business as a producer of coffee or cola, may fluctuate greatly over the follwing 20 years. These factors may change the current trends, change the comparatively price of coffee and cola, and people's favor in them. Since the argument fails to account for these possibilities, it is problematic to claim that ......

False dilemma(mutually exclusive alternatives)

73.The author assumes that taking rural issues seriously and taking urban crime issues seriously are two mutually exclusive alternatives. However, the author provides no evidence to show that claim. A better solution may be found when seriouslytaking rural issues as well as urban crime issues . Apparently, without evidence to rule out this better solution, the author cannot justifyly claim that....

Appeal to ignorance

39.The author assumes that all the people unhappy with AA will complain about it. However, the evidence offered is insufficient to support that claim. Many people who feels unhappy may have no time to complain about their discontent, or they may choose not to take AA's plain again to express their displeasure. Therefore, the fact that 99 percent of passeners didn't complain indicates nothing about their attitude toward AA. Lacking more complete details, the author's assumption may be problematic.

One sideness

The author assumes that M can offer these improved services without sacrifice other factors that attract customers. In fact, M may have to cut back other services or offer accounts on less attractive terms, all to compensate for the cost of additional costs associated with the proposed improvements.Furthermore, its employees may feel more working tension and thus do not behave temperly to its customers, thus, M will lost many customers. Neglecting these possibilities, the author's claim seem to be problematic.

Vested interest

We have strong reason to question the creditability and the neutrality of the survey in which the author may have vested interest, therefore is inclined to manipulate the figures to his own advantage.

Respondent(representitive,distort)有SURVEY必用

8.The statistical evidence cited in the argument is problematic because the responds'views are not representitive of the view of workforce in general. Because the survey is about the apathy, it makes sense that only those less apathetic workers would respond to it, thereby distort the overall view picture of the view among the workforces. Without any details about how the survey was conducted, it is not possible to assess whether this is the case.

186.The statistical evidence cited in the evidence may not be reliable. The arguer provide no evidence of how the survey was conducted,therefore,no details are given about whether the respondents are representitive of the workers in general or whether the number of respondent are significant enough. Lacking information about the randomness and size of the survey's sample,it is not possible to assess whether this is the case.

Hints from recommendation

42.The author's conclusion that the price increase to reverse the deterioration of the postal service is based on the assumption that no other methods can achieve this goal. However, the author provide no evidence to justify this assumption. It is possible, for example, that increase the service quality can increase revnue of the postal servicem, decreaing the cost is also a good method. These two methods will not decreased the morale while they can reverse the deterioration of the postal service,without consiering these two alternatives,the auther's claim is problematic.

Also,the auther assume that reducing the volume of mail and generating larger revenues will improved morale. Actually,this is not necessarily the case. Reduced volume may cause a result in a reduction of the size of the labor force,thus  carry a stress among the works,which may deterrent the morale,what's more,the increasing avenue may not be used to improve the morale, it will be used in other ways.All of these factors may in turn undermine morale.

有STUDY必用

Finally,the firm unjustifiably relies on the studies that correlate coffee and cola consumption with age. the firm does not proide evidence to confirm the reliability of the studies.moreover,while the phrase"studies suggest"may appear to lend credibility to these claims,the phrase is vague enough to actually render the claims worthless,in the absence of any information about them.

还有个最后总结的

大家结合着看吧

Hasty generalization

M13

First, the author fails to provide any evidence to show that all the business will increase in general. The example cited, while suggestive of this trend, is insufficient to warrant their truth because there is no reason to predict that the CC is representative of the  entire  business  .For example, the products of CC may appeals more consumers when they are advitised on radio. But other products,such as clothes, cars, may not attract more consumers when they are advitised on radio . Without any more details,we can not safely draw the conclusion that the business will increase as a whole when they use the radio advertisement.

Misapplied generalization

M4

The argument relies on the problematic assumption that the A is typical of the nation’s demographic in general, but the author failed to substantiate this assumption. For example, the A may be famous for its suburb scenery, and many people live in A because they love the suburb life. If this is true, then the author cannot justify his conclusion, at least based on the nationwide demographic study.

Causal oversimplification

The arguer commit the causal oversimplification in assuming that A is all that is required for B. While A is an important factor in determing B, it is hardly the only one. To establish a causal relationship between A and B, other factors that may account for B should be  considered and eliminated. For example, c, d may cause B. Without even consider these possibilities, the author renders the conclusion based upon it highly suspect.

Post hoc,ergo propter hoc

The author commit the fallacy of “After this, therefore because of this” in assuming that A is all that required for B. The only evidence is that the former proceed the latter. However,this evidence is insufficient to justify the assumption because a mere chronological relationship is only a indicator of a causal relationship and ,therefore, does not necessarily prove a causal relationship. Other factors should be considered and eliminated, for example, …….Without even consider these factors, the author render the conclusion based on this assumption highly suspect.

Concurrence

The author commits the fallacy of “concurrence” in assuming that A is the sole reason behind B. The only evidence is that the former coincide with the latter, however,a mere positive relationship is only an indicator of the causal relationship and, therefore, can not prove a causal relationship. To establish a causal relationshop between A and B, other factors that could result in B should be considered and eliminated. For example, …… .The author’s failure to investigate or even consider these factors render the conclution based on it highly suspect.

False analogy

The author commit the fallacy of “false analogy” in assuming that A will achieve the same result as B. The reasoning is questionable because the similarity between A and B or the environment in which they are hold, may not sufficient to warrant this claim. For example,……. Apparently, the difference between A and B highly outweigh their similarity., thus making the assumption untenable. The author’s failure to prove or even consider their comparability render the conclusion based on it highly suspect. 

All things are equal

The argument suffers from a fallacy of “all things are equal”.The fact that …is not a sound evidence that…The author assume without justification that …will remain unchanged at different time/location. It is not clear in this argument whether conditions are the same at different time/location. For example….Thus, it is impossible to conclude that…

False dilemmea

The author commit a fallcy of “false dilemma”in assuming that A and B are mutually exclusive alternatives and there is no room for a middle ground. However, the author does not provide any evidence to support that assumption. For example, we may get a  better results by adjusting both A and B. Without ruling out this possibility, the author can not justifiably conclude that….

Appeal to ignorance

The author commit a fallacy of “appeal to ignorance”in assuming that all the customers unhappy with A complain about it . However, the evidence offered is not sufficient to warrant this claim. It is possible that many such customers may express their dissatisfaction with A by not returing ,or they may be too busy to complain about their unhappiness. The greater percentage these customers are, the weaker the argument’s evidence as a sigh of customers satisfaction with A. Lacking more details about the customers feeling, we can not safely draw the conclusion that they are satisfied with A when they do not complain.

Vested interest(indicate,respond,compaign,promotion.pronounce)

We have strong reasons to question the credibility and neutrality of the survey in which the conductor has vested interst and, may inclined to manipulate the figures to his own advantage.

Statistical evidence

百分比不可比：底数不同，或者说百分比不显著

增加10倍不说明什么，有可能底数小，比如为1

20年也许不够长

15^TH要看总共有几个参加排名

Respondent（有respond必用）

The statistics evidence cited in the argument is problematic because the respondents’views are not necessarily reprensentative of the views of …in general.For example,because the surveys has to do with…,it makes sense that only those who …would respond to it. Thereby distorting the overall picture of ..among…Without knowing how the survey was conducted,it is impossible to assess whether or not this is the case

survey is doubtful (有survey必用)
The poll cited by the author is too vague to be informative. The claim does not indicate who conducted the poll, who responded, or when, where and how the poll was conducted. (Lacking information about the number of people surveyed and the number of respondents, it is impossible to access the validity of the results. For example, if 200 persons were surveyed but only 2 responded, the conclusion that...would be highly suspect. Because the argument offers no evidence that would rule out this kind of interpretations,) Until these questions are answered, the results of the survey are worthless as evidence for the conclusion.

看到STUDY

Finally,the firm unjustifiably relies on the studies that correlate coffee and cola consumption with age. The firm does not provide evidence to confirm the reliability of the studies.Moreover, while the phrase ‘studies suggest’may appear to lend credibility to these claims, the phrase is vague enough to actually render the calims worthless, in the absence of any information about them.

看到in order to ,to do

可以套用两段论：

1^ST：the author assume that no other action would achieve the same result.However, the author provides no evidence to substantiate this assumption.It is possible ,that

2^nd:the author unfairly assumes that …will achieve the goals.This is not necessarily the case.It is possible that….

结尾：

In sum, the author fails to validate the conclusion that….To solidify his argument, the author should demonstrate that … and ….. Moreover, the arguer would have to provide more concrete evidence,especially the information concerning … ,to rule out the abovementioned possibility that would undermine the author’s claim.

谢谢可爱的lz姐姐， 我收下了 看来该赶紧准备作文了 呵呵

呵呵

祝大家都能考个牛分

感谢！牛yen呀！

8好意思,刚看到

ISSUE我没有摸板的

就是背了个超级冗长的开头...

这个开头貌似是TONY的

你可以搜搜

谢谢楼主~

正准备作文哩~