和我一起提高逻辑题的做题速度（一）-小词和核心词的好处

cathycathyhan · 发表于 2011-7-9 07:08:41

我在网上下载了新东方的一个逻辑笔记，其中有一段话和一道题的分析这么写道：
A mail order company recently had a big jump in clothing sales after hiring a copywriter and a graphic artist to give its clothing catalog a magazine-like format designed to appeal to a more upscale clientle. The company is now planing to launch a housewares catalog using the same concept.
The company's plan assumes that
a)other housewares catalogs with magazinelike formats do not already exist
b)an upscale clientelte would be interested in a housewares catalog
c)the same copywriter and graphic artist could be employed for both the clothing and housewares catalogs
d)a magazinelike format requires a copywriter and a graphic artist
e)customers to whom the old clothing catalog appealed would continue to make purchases from catalogs with the new format
我说一下，我做此题时的思路：
其实，我在作题时，根本不是按照上述的分析来的，如果，这样一来，没有3分钟，至少也的2分钟。时间是绝对不够用的。
当我读题时，第一眼就看到after这个词
A mail order company recently had a big jump in clothing sales （after） hiring a copywriter and a graphic artist to give its clothing catalog a magazine-like format designed to appeal to a more upscale clientle.
Gmat中常用时间先后来代替因果关系。
随后浏览选项：
注意到requires这个词，
d)a magazinelike format （requires） a copywriter and a graphic artist
require 这个词是个非常有用的词它可以有效的转换为if/then结构
a magazinelike format （requires） a copywriter and a graphic artist=====if there is a magazinelike format then there must be a copywriter and a graphic artist
即if A then B
对B取非，
------if not B then not A
If don't require a copywriter and a graphic artist then that format must not be magazinelike format
有效的削弱作者的论据。
最后浏览其他选项。
这样作，会节省很多时间，我做时，耗时大约一分钟左右。
看到这段话，我感觉印象很深，因为逻辑题每道题目的花费时间只有1分40秒，如果在那么短的时间来阅读完逻辑题，找出里面的逻辑关系和看选项、找出正确的选项，我练了杨鹏难句，但是觉得还是不行，有时候句子一长、一多就搞得云里雾里的，后来我感觉LSAT的出题者让我们适应这种题型，其实是适应他们的套路。在看reasoning logical Bible中，前面有一个部分专门是讲一些大原则，比如选项预测原则、排除范围原则或者不相干原则等，除了这个，还罗列了一些表示因果关系的小词、一些表示程度副词的小词、和一些表示范围的小词。我当时感觉不是很重要，可以做了那么多题目，发现这些表示句子结构的、表示范围的小词或者表示语气、表示句子时态的小词非常重要，而且也是提高逻辑题速度的一个法宝。

cathycathyhan · 发表于 2011-7-9 07:27:16

逻辑题目总的来说有2大类，一类是因果关系；一类是条件关系，就是if/when的，这两大类是核心中的核心，基本的题目都是按照这两个大类进行出题的，所以做逻辑题第一事情先是搞得问题问的什么，就是先读问题，再读题目，当我们读题目的时候，就要搞懂，这道题是因果关系还是条件关系（必要/充分关系），有的人以前总结逻辑题都是条件关系的题目，什么A-B-C, 然后A-C,个人觉得这只是一个题型，很多题目都是因果关系，所以因果关系和条件关系是逻辑题目的两大原则。
Logical Reasoning Bible上表示因果关系的词有：Because 、since、
for 、for example、for the reason that、in that、 given that 、as indicated by、due to 、owing to、this can be seen from 、we know this by。
表示结论的词组有：thus、 therefore、hence 、consequently、 as a result、so、
accordingly、clearly、must be that 、shows that、conclude that、follows that、for this reason，还有一个是should not。
除了must be true、cannot be true和solve the paradox、reasoning paralell四类题型外，别的题型就是直接找这些词，就可以省略一些背景介绍等长句，找到直接因果关系，可以马上构建逻辑关系，这样阅读题目的时候可以省很多时间。

cathycathyhan · 发表于 2011-7-9 07:31:24

补充一下其中must be true 题型中，如果就算有共同连接点，但是有因果关系，还是找因果关系为首选。
比如：
Until about 400 million years ago, fishes-the first true swimmers-were jawless. Their feeding methods were limited to either sucking in surface plankton or sucking in food particles from bottom mud. With the development of biting jaws, however, the life of fishes changed dramatically, since jaws allowed them actively to pursue prey, to seize it in their jaws, and to manipulate it between their teeth. The jawed fishes then developed along two main lines one retained cartilage for its skeletons, for example, sharks and rays: the other adopted bone as its principal skeletal material. From the latter group evolved the most abundant and diverse of all of today's vertebrate groups. the "teleosts" some 21,000 species, which vary from barracudas to sea horsesl

If all of the statements in the passage are true which one of the following must also the true?

(A) Fish are the primary prey of all jawed fishes
(B) The jawless fishes did not prey upon other fish
(C) Teleosts do not feed upon particles found in bottom mud
(D) Jawless fishes did not have cartilage as their skeletal material
(E) Jawless fishes became extinct approximately 400 million years ago

这道题目很长很长，1分40秒把题目读完、试图搞清里面的内容非常难。你们如何做的？我第一次做错了，但是用因果关系一下子就能够找到正确答案。

cathycathyhan · 发表于 2011-7-9 07:34:39

In a recession, a decrease in consumer spending causes many businesses to lay off workers or even to close, Workers who lose their jobs in a recession usually cannot find new jobs. The result is an increase in the number of people who are jobless. Recovery from a recession is defined by an increase in consumer spending and an expansion of business activity that creates a need for additional workers. But businesspeople generally have little confidence in the econnomy after a recession and therefore delay hiring additional workers as long as possible.

　　The statements above, if true, provide most support for which one of the following conclusions?

　　（A） Recessions are usually caused by a decrease in businesspeople's confidence in the economy.
　　（B） Governmental intervention is required in order for an economy to recover from a recession.
　　（C） Employees of businesses that close during a recession make up the majority of the workers who lose their jobs during that recession.
　　（D） Sometimes recovery from a recession does not promptly result in a decrease in the number of people who are jobless.
　　（E） Workers who lose their jobs during a recession are likely to get equally good jobs when the economy recovers.
这道题目，前面的句子可以通通不读，但是看到but就要马上清醒了，好好把but后面的句子读好，然后找出assumption，就可以很容易找出正确答案D了。

cathycathyhan · 发表于 2011-7-9 12:16:46

条件关系的一些词有这些：
1.表示充分条件的的是：所谓充分就是如果有事物情况A，则必然有事物情况B；如果没有事物情况A而未必没有事物情况B，A就是B的充分而不必要的条件，简称充分条件。
if, when, whenever, every, all, any, people who, in order to

2. 表示必要条件的是，所谓必要就是如果没有事物情况A，则必然没有事物情况B；如果有事物情况A而未必有事物情况B，A就是B的必要而不充分的条件，简称必要条件。
then, only/only if, must, required, unless, except, until, without

其中，在充分条件中比较容易忽略的是whenever, all, every, people who,或者something which代表的从句，在必要条件中比较容易忽略的是must,required，比较容易搞混的是unless和only if的用法。

cathycathyhan · 发表于 2011-7-9 12:19:41

举个例子：
Scientists analyzing air bubbles that had been trapped in Antarctic ice during the Earth’s last ice age found that the ice-age atmosphere had contained unusually large amounts of ferrous material and surprisingly small amounts of carbon dioxide. One scientist noted that algae absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The scientist hypothesized that the ferrous material, which was contained in atmospheric dust, had promoted a great increase in the population of Antarctica algae such as diatoms.

Which one of the following, if true, would most seriously undermine the scientist’s hypothesis?

A) Diatoms are a microscopic form of algae that has remained largely unchanged since the last ice age.

(B) Computer models suggest that a large increase in ferrous material today could greatly promote the growth of oceanic algae.

(C) The dust found in the air bubbles trapped in Antarctica ice contained other minerals in addition to the ferrous material.
This option says - not ferrous but some other mineral may have promoted a great increase in the population of algae.
(D) Sediment from the ocean floor near Antarctica reflects no increase, during the last ice age, in the rate at which the shells that diatoms leave when they die accumulated.

(E) Algae that currently grow in the oceans near Antarctica do not appear to be harmed by even a large increase in exposure to ferrous material.

你们读题的时候如何读的？这道题目我做错了，但是后来分析发现， The scientist hypothesized that the ferrous material, which was contained in atmospheric dust, had promoted a great increase in the population of Antarctica algae such as diatoms.
这句话里有个从句，which was contained in atmospheric dust，其实这个是条件关系，表示如果ferrous material 里含有空气中的灰尘，那就如何如何，这个which was和people who的表达效果是异曲同工的意思。

cathycathyhan · 发表于 2011-7-10 02:16:51

除了因果关系和条件关系外，需要注意的是语气和逻辑题表示的态度，这个就是情态动词、副词和表示语气转折的一些连词。
表示强转折的连词有：
But
Yet
However
On the other hand
Admittedly
In contrast
Although
Even though
Still
Whereas
In spite of
Despite
After all
看到这些词，就知道下面句子的逻辑关系发生变化了。
表示语气的情态动词和副词有：
must, will, always, not always, probably, likely, should, would, not necessarily, could, rarely, never
其中表示强烈语气的是must, always, not always, rarely, never
表示可能的是 probably, likely, should, would, not necessarily, could
最后还有一个no, LSAT出题者非常喜欢把no放在句子的第一个地方，一般看到以No 开头的句子，就要提高警惕了，这种表达方式不常见，但是在LSAT非常常见。
比如：
Even the earliest known species of land animals, known from fossils dating from the late Silurian period, 400 million years ago, show highly evolved adaptations to life on land. Since neither aquatic nor amphibious animals exhibit these adaptations, early species of land animals must have evolved very rapidly after leaving an aquatic environment.
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
(A) Known fossils of early land animals include fossils of animals that lived relatively soon after the first emergence of land animals.
(B) Fossils from the late Silurian period represent only a small number of the animal species that were alive at that time.
(C) No plants were established on land before the late Silurian period.
(D) No present-day species of aquatic animal is descended from a species of animal that once lived on land.
(E) All animals alive in the late Silurian period lived either exclusively on land or exclusively in the water.
这道题目因为是因果关系，所以我直接看直接的因果关系，Since neither aquatic nor amphibious animals exhibit these adaptations, early species of land animals must have evolved very rapidly after leaving an aquatic ，原因是neither aquatic nor amphibious animals exhibit these adaptations,其中关键词是neither nor和动词exhibit，我根据这三个词去选项里找，忽然看到C和D选项都是no开头，那和原文的推理过程相符，都是否定表达意思，然后看C有个plants，原文没有提到过plants,那C毫无关联，所以排除C,而D表达的就是neither nor exhibit的意思，我直接选D了。这样可以节约很多时间。
很多时候我觉得这个比什么取非要节约时间，就是利用逻辑题中的一些语气和态度去定义。

cathycathyhan · 发表于 2011-7-10 02:31:22

最后是表示一些数量和程度的词汇：
all, every, most, many, some, several, few sole, only, not all, none, general等。这些表示数量的词汇或者表示程度的词汇，不仅题目中需要注意，还要在选项中注意，题目中的表达要和选项中的表达相一致。
再看一道题目：
Recent unexpectedly heavy rainfalls in the metropolitan area have filled the reservoirs and streams; water rationing, therefore, will not be necessary this summer.
Which one of the following, if true, most undermines the author’s prediction?
(A) Water rationing was imposed in the city in three of the last five years.
(B) A small part of the city’s water supply is obtained from deep underground water systems that are not reached by rainwater.
(C) The water company’s capacity to pump water to customers has not kept up with the increased demand created by population growth in the metropolitan area.
(D) The long-range weather forecast predicts lower-than-average temperatures for this summer.
(E) In most years the city receives less total precipitation in the summer than it receives in any other season.
注意选项B中的意思是说water supply not by rainwater，初看这个选项可能是正确的，可以作为defender，但是细看前面有个修饰a small part意思就是，除了小部分Water supply not by rainwater,大部分的可能来自rainwater，所以这个选项并没有削弱原文。我们就可以马上排除这个选项了。

simpleo · 发表于 2011-7-10 10:31:09

存下了

mutah · 发表于 2011-7-12 04:01:59

谢谢楼主啦~
btw，cathy，你下的新东方逻辑的那个书能发我邮箱吗？还有杨鹏的难句以及狒狒的逻辑。。。。
我都在网上找不到，又不在国内也买不到。。。。
sereneli721(A) hotmail.com
先谢谢啦~~~~~~~~~~

和我一起提高逻辑题的做题速度（一）-小词和核心词的好处

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