【CD作文互改小组】Patrick + Argument提纲

patrickgmail · 发表于 2012-9-27 15:36:14

逻辑思路和找的错误可能和大家不同，希望指正。谢谢。
-------
9月27日 62\93 1楼 9月28日 13\108 4楼

patrickgmail · 发表于 2012-9-27 15:37:03

62 The following appeared in a memo from the director of a large group ofhospitals.

"In a laboratory study of liquid antibacterial hand soaps, aconcentrated solution of UltraClean produced a 40 percent greater reduction inthe bacteria population than did the liquid hand soaps currently used in ourhospitals. During a subsequent test of UltraClean at our hospital in Workby,that hospital reported significantly fewer cases of patient infection than didany of the other hospitals in our group. Therefore, to prevent seriouspatient infections, we should supply UltraClean at all hand-washing stationsthroughout our hospital system."

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptionsof the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on theseassumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptionsprove unwarranted.
Conclusions: to preventserious patient infections, we should supply UltraClean at all hand-washingstations throughout our hospital system.
3 assumptions:
1. Sample assumption: alaboratory study, which shows Ultra clean 40 percent greater reduction in thebacteria population than did the liquid hand soaps currently used. The study,however, is based on a laboratory conditions instead of the real situation.Supposing the result of the study also works in a real environment, but, thearguments omits whether the study is authorized and there are other moreeffective hand soaps than UltraClean.
2. Causalassumption: During the UltraClean used test in a hospital in Workby, arguerassumes that the use of UltraClean is directly responsible on reduction ofpatient infection. However, the arguer ignores if there are any other factorswhich infect the patients, such as the bacteria-degree of the hospital conditions.Also, it is not convincing about the report from hospital. It is doubtful onthe data of patient infection.
3. Hastygeneralization or analogy assumption: Even the UltraClean hand soap iseffective, arguer makes a gratuitous equal notion between patient infection andserious patient infections. Worse, arguer based on all the conditions of thehospitals in the large group. If there is a hospital which maintains a lowpatient infection on the infection problem, is it still effective about theUltraClean soap?

93 The following appeared in a memorandum from themanager of WWAC radio station.

"WWAC must change from its current rock-music format because thenumber of listeners has been declining, even though the population in ourlistening area has been growing. The population growth has resulted mainly frompeople moving to our area after their retirement, and we must make listeners ofthese new residents. But they seem to have limited interest in music: severallocal stores selling recorded music have recently closed. Therefore, justchanging to another kind of music is not going to increase our audience.Instead, we should adopt a news-and-talk format, a form of radio that isincreasingly popular in our area."

Write a response in which you discuss what questionswould need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation and theargument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how theanswers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.

Conclusions: WWAC radio station should adopt a news-and-talk format toincrease our audience.

1. Base assumption: The population growth has resulted mainlyfrom retired people. But the argument does not answer a question, the ratiobetween the base of population in listening area and amount of increase. Eventhere are a certain increase in learning area, but it cannot presumptively saythat the retired people or any other residents do not like hear rock-music.

2. Causal assumption: While several local stores sellingrecorded music have recently closed, the argument implies such a fact as alimited interest in music. However, are there any other factors that influencethose “several local recorded music stores” to close? For example, perhaps thestores would have suffered financial problems itself or maybe the customerswould been not satisfied with the quality of the recorder music those storessell.

3. Cause-effect linkage: the arguer assumes that to adopt anews-and-talk format on WWAC radio station instead of current rock-music formatis going to increase their audience. Yet, the arguer does not answer a questionwhether the current rock-music format may be the decisive audience-source. Ifit is so, the argument is with a gratuitous conclusion then the radio stationis going to suffer a sharply decline of audience instead.

竹林中人 · 发表于 2012-9-28 00:36:15

详细意见参见全文的附件

patrickgmail · 发表于 2012-9-28 16:47:10

详细意见参见全文的附件

-- by 会员竹林中人 (2012/9/28 0:36:15)

谢谢。

patrickgmail · 发表于 2012-9-28 16:48:23

13. In an attempt to improve highway safety, Prunty County last year lowered its speed limit from 55 to 45 miles per hour on all county highways. But this effort has failed: the number of accidents has not decreased, and, based on reports by the highway patrol, many drivers are exceeding the speed limit. Prunty County should instead undertake the same kind of road improvement project that Butler County completed five years ago: increasing lane widths, resurfacing rough highways, and improving visibility at dangerous intersections. Today, major Butler County roads still have a 55 mph speed limit, yet there were 25 percent fewer reported accidents in Butler County this past year than there were five years ago.
Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

Conclusion: To achieve a decrease of the highway accidents, Prunty County has to undertake the same kind of road improvement project of Butler County, where fewer accidents are reported past year, with an unchanged speed limit.

Three assumptions:
1. Sample assumption and causal assumption: The arguer assumes that the attempt, to improve highway safety taken by Prunty County last year, is in effective according to the reports by the highway patrol. The argument is with an example that the number of accidents has not decreased by lowering its speed limit from 55 to 45 miles per hour on all county highways. However, the arguer omits some other possibilities to evaluate, which might have resulted in the same failure while the County was taking the speed limit measure. For example, the highways in Prunty County, however, are mostly along the forest or beside the farms. Thus, there are frequent and usual accidents involving the animals crossing the highways. The argument also assumes that the reports from highway patrol are correct to evaluate the exceeding speed limit from many drivers. The arguer does not consider the reliability of the highway patrol reports.
2. Analogy assumption: The arguer fails to prove that the conditions in Prunty County is the same as Butler County, as the paragraph above mentions, the highways in Butler County may be more along the factories so that it has an improvement while highways in Prunty County are along the forest. Also, the arguer fails to show evidence that the road improvement project is also needed in Prunty County: supposing that the highways in Butler County had been so terrible that the Butler County had to increase lane widths and resurface the highways etc. Worse, the author does not show any evidence that the decrease of highways in Butler County is unrelated to timeline. The drivers in Butler County may drive more safe and slower even major Butler county roads still have a 55 mph speed limit.
3. Hasty generalization: The arguer also commits a fallacy of a fact: nowadays, major Butler County roads still have a 55 mph speed limit, however, there are 25 percent fewer reported accidents in Butler County this past year than five years ago. What we can see, the fact sounds reasonable. Supposing that the Prunty County can reasonably take same measure in its highways. But the arguer assumes that “highway safety” referred in the first line is equal to major roads safety. 25 percent fewer accidents are reported in major Butler County roads not highways. Unless the arguer provides that the major roads are alike highways in Prunty County.

108. The following appeared in a memo from the owner of a chain of cheese stores located throughout the United States.
"For many years all the stores in our chain have stocked a wide variety of both domestic and imported cheeses. Last year, however, all of the five best-selling cheeses at our newest store were domestic cheddar cheeses from Wisconsin. Furthermore, a recent survey by Cheeses of the World magazine indicates an increasing preference for domestic cheeses among its subscribers. Since our company can reduce expenses by limiting inventory, the best way to improve profits in all of our stores is to discontinue stocking many of our varieties of imported cheese and concentrate primarily on domestic cheeses."
Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

Conclusion: To prove profits in all of a chain of chess stores located throughout the United States, the best way is to discontinue stocking many of our varieties of imported chess and to concentrate primarily on domestic cheeses.

Three assumptions:
1. Analogy assumption: To support the argument, the arguer provides evidence that all of the five best-selling cheeses at our newest store were domestic cheddar cheeses from Wisconsin, the arguer omits other possibilities that will result in the same phenomenon that why five best-selling cheeses are all domestic. For counterexample, maybe the counties which exported the cheese to United States suffer some pestilence, thus the customer may have more prudently before choosing the imported cheese. Worse, the all best-selling domestic cheese are from newest store instead of the old ones, perhaps, those newest got some sales
2. Sample assumption: The arguer provides a survey by Cheeses of the World magazine, which indicates an increasing preference for domestic cheese among its subscribers. The arguer commits a hasty generalization: the subscribers are mostly from all over the world not only United States. So the survey perhaps is worthless as evidence for the conclusion. For example, there are many national surveys indicating that customers in United States prefer the imported Cheese.
3. Causal assumption: While all the stores in our chain have stocked a wide variety of both domestic and imported cheeses. However, the arguer fails to provide evidence whether most of their cheese sales are based on the variety of both domestic and imported cheeses. For example, the customers, perhaps, loves the imported cheese much while some of their families members prefer the cheese only from Wisconsin, therefore, they have to take both of them.

[作文互改] 【CD作文互改小组】Patrick + Argument提纲

所属分类: GRE考试

正在浏览此版块的会员 ()

浏览过的版块