请教2000年2月的几道逻辑题

1. News item: the result of a recent public survey has been called into question b/c one of the pollsters admitted to falsifying data. The survey originally faovr investing more $ in info. tech. B/c falsified data were included in the survey, its conclusion is not true: a majoirty does not faovr more investment in info. tech.

Q; the new item's argument is vulnerable to criticism b/c it fails to consider the possibility that:

A. the conclusion of the survey wold be verified if the falsified data were excluded. 为什么选这个？　（我觉得其他答案都不对，但看不出这个为什么能削弱）

2. Advertisement for a lactase supplement: Lactase, an enzyme produced by the body, aids in the digestion of lactose, a natural sugar found in dairy foods. Many subjects in an experiment who drank a liter of mlk on an empty stomach showed signs of lactose intolerance-- difficulty in digesting dairy products b/c of insufficient lactase. Thus, extrapolating from the number of subjects adversely affected, at least 50 million people in North America alone should take lactase supplements.

Q; which one of the following could most seriously weaken the arguement?

A. Most people who consume dairy products consume less lactose at each meal than the amount found in a liter of milk. 为什么此选项有削弱作用?

3. Commmentator: A political consitution that provides the  frame work for the laws of a nation must be interpreted to apply to new situations not envisioned by its authors. Although these interpretations express the moral and political beliefs of the interpreters, they are usually protrayed as embbodying the intentions of the authors. This fiction is vital b/c without it the illusion, so necessary for political stability, that laws are the bequest of a long tradition rather than the preferences of contemporary politicians would vanish.

A. If the people of a nation doon't believe that the laws under which theylive express the intentions of their lpolitical leaders, that nation will become more politically unstable.

B. Political instability will increase if the people of a nation cease to believe that  their constitution is being intereperted consistently with the intentions of its authors.

为什么选Ｂ而不是Ａ？

谢谢!

我没有2000, 02的题，如果你有，麻烦传一份给我，谢谢：）

所以最后一个问题不清楚

试着解答下前两题吧

falsifying data只是一个错误的前提，前提错误不代表结论也错误。

A恰好指出了这个flaw

Ad认为实验证明了insufficient lactase－－－》lactose intolerance（difficulty in digesting dairy products ）是cause-and-effect

削弱此关系通常是否定该因果联系

the options said people have difficulty becuz they usually digest less, don't need as much as what a bottle of milk may give. So this is becuz they don't need that much, not digesting problem

这个题本身就是flaw的题，没有要求去weaken啊

谢谢Ivy!

p.s.Feb.2002 的题已经有人传上来了

我接着来抛块砖吧:

1. News item: the result of a recent public survey has been called into question b/c one of the pollsters admitted to falsifying data. The survey originally faovr investing more $ in info. tech. B/c falsified data were included in the survey, its conclusion is not true: a majoirty does not faovr more investment in info. tech.

大致翻译: 某调查结论:多少人赞同投资某IT项目;因存在调查数据篡改,该调查结论不可信->其实多数人不赞同投资该项目.

答案意思: 清除篡改数据影响之后,结果仍证明原结论是正确的.

2. Advertisement for a lactase supplement: Lactase, an enzyme produced by the body, aids in the digestion of lactose, a natural sugar found in dairy foods. Many subjects in an experiment who drank a liter of mlk on an empty stomach showed signs of lactose intolerance-- difficulty in digesting dairy products b/c of insufficient lactase. Thus, extrapolating from the number of subjects adversely affected, at least 50 million people in North America alone should take lactase supplements.

Q; which one of the following could most seriously weaken the arguement?

A. Most people who consume dairy products consume less lactose at each meal than the amount found in a liter of milk. 为什么此选项有削弱作用?

extrapolating 的前提: MANY SUBJECTS "who drank a liter of mlk on an empty stomach showed signs of lactose intolerance", 如果此前提不存在"less",自然就削弱了.

3. Commmentator: A political consitution that provides the frame work for the laws of a nation must be interpreted to apply to new situations not envisioned by its authors. Although these interpretations express the moral and political beliefs of the interpreters, they are usually protrayed as embbodying the intentions of the authors. This fiction is vital b/c without it the illusion, so necessary for political stability, that laws are the bequest of a long tradition rather than the preferences of contemporary politicians would vanish.

A. If the people of a nation doon't believe that the laws under which they live express the intentions of their lpolitical leaders, that nation will become more politically unstable.

B. Political instability will increase if the people of a nation cease to believe that  their constitution is being intereperted consistently with the intentions of its authors.

为什么选Ｂ而不是Ａ？

谢谢!

你没把问题列进去.

这一句你就明白了: This fiction that protrays interpretation from political leaders as embbodying the intentions of the authors of constituation is vital. The reason is that, without this fiction, the illusion that laws are the legacy of a long tradition rather than the translation of contemporary politicians would disappear. Furthermore, this illusion is so necessary for political stability.  

Q1 is an example of a class of questions: weakening or invalidating evidence do not necessarily invalidate the conclusion. One can come to a valid conclusion based on wrong evidence.

Some other questions in this class: 1. Ring of stone in England. 96.10 Preptest 20, LR4 Q18; 2. Kids' watching too much TV causes eye-hand coordination problem. 94.02 LR4 Q19.

Q2 Drinking a liter of milk is way too extreme a situation to base a study on when most ppl never drink that much everyday. The credited option exposed this study design flaw. The situation in the study simply does not apply to day-to-day life. Or you can say the author was trying to generalize from extreme cases.

Q3. Commmentator: A political consitution that provides the frame work for the laws of a nation must be interpreted to apply to new situations not envisioned by its authors. Although these interpretations express the moral and political beliefs of the interpreters, they are usually protrayed as embbodying the intentions of the authors. This fiction is vital b/c without it the illusion, so necessary for political stability, that laws are the bequest of a long tradition rather than the preferences of contemporary politicians would vanish.

Be aware of the scope of the argument, the commentator was talking about the interpretation of the CONSITITUTION rather than the general laws.The wording is convoluted, try to boil it down to couple of words like: interpertation of consititution = beliefs of interpreters/not original author. Make people think otherwise is required for political stability.