听力背景 全球气候变暖

又想起来一个听力题~所以找出来资料大家看看~听力里大概是说，季节和气候变暖是影响天气的两个重要因素，gloabl warming让太平洋上的风不时地变大变小，然后影响到亚洲和美洲的降雨量不是的变化，引起drought or flood...

近年来，有关地球温暖化的报道此起彼伏，日益严重的全球变暖趋势开始受到全世界各国的重视。地球温暖化是由于温室效应引起的。温室效应是通过大气中的二氧化碳（CO2）、甲烷（CH4）、氯氟烃（CFC）等“温室效应”的机理发生的。地球的温度是由来自太阳的热辐射和地球自身向宇宙放出的热放射之间的平衡决定的。太阳射向地球的热辐射被地表吸收，加热了的地表又向外散发热量。大气中的“温室气体”对来自太阳的短波辐射具有高度的透过性，对地球发射出来的长波辐射具有高度的吸收性，只有很少的热辐射能散失到宇宙中去，这种现象叫做“温室效应”。温室效应本是一种自然现象，地球通过温室效应将平均温度保持在15℃左右，如果没有温室效应，地球上将是冰天雪地，平均气温为-18℃。

然而，由于工业革命以来，煤炭、石油等矿物能源的大量开采和使用，使排放到大气中的二氧化碳量大大增加，导致近100年里大气中的二氧化碳浓度上升了30％，地球平均气温上升了0．3－0．6℃。这就是迫在眉睫的地球温暖化问题。

全球气候变暖会使冰川溶化，海平面升高，侵蚀沿海陆地，引起海水沿河道倒灌。据推算，如果海平面上升1米，位于尼罗河口的埃及就会有约500万人的生活受到影响，一些珊瑚岛国也会随着海平面的上升处于全岛覆没的危险之中。全球气候变暖会影响植物、农作物的生长，种子植物会由于高度与纬度气候变化过快，移动速度跟不上而不能发育成长，其结果会使小麦和玉米等农作物大幅度减产，农业生产国将会受到巨大的损失。全球气候变暖也会由于降雨量的改变而给一些地区带来灾难，干旱地区将更加干旱，多雨地区将洪水泛滥。据卫星观测，由于全球气候变暖，全球雪盖范围在春季和秋季分别比70年代减少了13％和9％；在过去的100年内，全球海平面平均上升了10－25厘米，并且还在不断上升。异常天气给很多国家的粮食生产、水资源和能源带来了严重影响，因旱涝灾害造成的经济损失极为严重。

Flood that overwhelmed the capital city of Indonesia and several other provinces in the mid of February 2002 must have become an invaluable lesson especially for the Government - the Central and Provincial government - to be more alert in dealing with the worst natural disaster that actually have been predicted by scientists. In an numerous variant on its magnitude scale, the event of frequent floods during the raining seasons or prolonged drought during the dry seasons - with its additional impacts such as; burning forest, drying out of water resources in the human settlement - which was occurred in several regions around the country during the last decades demanding serious attention and tireless effort to avoid more agony to the people in the future. Nevertheless, scientists has warned us of some signals derived from the recent study on the global climatic research which reveals some discouraging findings for human habitat living in the years ahead.
According to the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) scientists who had just accomplished the symposium on Atmospheric Research in Boston on 17 Feb. last month - the effects of global warming will persist so rapidly within the next generation ahead or during the first century of 21st century, even if the consumption of fossil fuels reduced drastically.
The similar conclusions have been also worried by Australian scientists from CSIRO and scientists from INDOEX India - Indian Ocean Experiment which focuses on the climate research on the Indian Ocean.

Global warming effect is caused by the accumulation of burning fuel pollutant of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) released into atmosphere that prevents sunray solar re-radiation from earth surface. A phenomenon that also known as the "green house effect".
Prof. Robert Dickinson of the Georgia Institute of Technology stated out, that the effects of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) that have been released into the atmosphere from the burning of fossil fuels last at least 100 years ahead. That means that any reduction in CO2 that are expected to be possible over this period will not result in a cleaner atmosphere and less global warming than we see today for at least a century.
According to assessment by the US scientist, climate models indicate temperature increases of 3 to more than 10 degrees Fahrenheit this century and a sea level rise of 6 inches to nearly 6 feet.
Meanwhile, Australian scientists from CSIRO have notified that since the mid 1970's, surface waters in the eastern Pacific Ocean have been up to 0,8 Celcius degree warmer than they were in the first half of the 20th century. Warm surface water in the oceans moving off the USA and Central America continent coastal lines to equatorial eastern Pacific then known as El Nino. The last El Nino was occurred in 1997. El Nino that occurs periodically within 2-7 years affects the event of drought during dry season and lower rainfall in Australia and Indonesia.
The presence of drastic global climatic change will force human habitat to adapt with various aspects of living such in; agricultural productions, human settlement, cultural life style, and so on. Scientists believe that the phenomenon of these changes will bring about some regions to become submerging losers while some other part of the globe to become emerging winners. These experts warn that the next event of global warming effects will also cause more floods during the raining seasons and extreme drought during the dry seasons. If we make comparison list for every countries based on its resources availability to cope with the event of drastic changes, for example provided that two different countries were exposed to the event of sea level rise which overwhelming the seashore settlement. Then the overall consequences clearly concluded that for a poor country like Bangladesh - with its only limited resources but very dense population - will suffer more difficulties than a high income country with resilient resources like the USA.
Very similar result will be acquired if Indonesia were compared with Australia in facing the similar situation.

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